psych literature

Literature Review of PTSD

Psychology 503

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Personnel

Literature review

Even though the problem of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is sometimes viewed as a relatively new topic in the military, as the name suggested as early as 1980, the disease has an unusually long history. This story was regularly associated with the historical context of the war, but the conflicts caused by catastrophic events, disasters and unintentional real injuries have also been widely described (1, 2010). The discovery was previously seen in official terminology when the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - I was distributed in 1952 in response to a serious extension. In the next issue of 1968, however, it was forgotten after a long period of relative time. When the DSM-III was created in the 1980s, the rise of the Vietnam War led to new reflections on this problem. PTSD was characterized as a stress problem resulting from many types of stress, including combat stress and regular citizen stress (Navid Ghaffarzadegan, 2016). Clinical psychiatry helped to bring out the importance of the specialty in terms of stressors. Its definition really raised important questions about the connection between a stressor, the individual with whom he or she lives, and his or her characteristics and side effects (Reisman, 2016).

PTSD not only effects military personnel, it also affects people from all walks of lives, from victims of crimes to simple things such as workplace stressors that happen on the job, such as those working in law enforcement. In fact, even family members of people who have been diagnosed with PTSD find themselves suffering from some of the same symptoms that their effected family member suffers from. Large healthcare industries, such as the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and civilian health departments report large numbers of employees suffering from PTSD problems. Most of the PTSD diagnosis rules in the past concentrated on one domain, usually on just one side of stress, and did not validate the effects of multi-domain sides of stress. Like other dynamic and extreme issues, for instance, there are long gaps between situation and logical outcomes.

Despite more thought being given to the writing, there is a controversial occurrence of PTSD. The presentation of the procedures of sampling and the precision of the findings was both inaccurate. For instance, typical self-reported experiments are the screening methodology, and abstract answers may be deliberately flawed or inadequately answered to prevent social humiliation induced by the disease. (Incapacity for work) (MH, 2014). The review shows that patients get different results when they disclose their problems, for example: They are more reluctant to lose their job or break down in the work environment, low pay and recruitment difficulties, resident representatives and network bans are some of the social pressures they face. Thus, the potential understanding of separation and the various consequences of being mentally ill can influence the behavior of people. Despite efforts to improve access to adequate mental health care, there are obstacles to many veterans accepting treatment for PTSD. As the VA assessment shows, the biggest obstacle to viable care is the lack of updated medical supplies from suppliers due to beau acracy and red tape. The severe shortage of VA mental health experts such as psychiatrist, psychologist, and other mental health technicians is especially a core component, coupled with the growing number of veterans seeking treatment.

Iraqi and Afghan veterans and their families also have a significant impact on unrestricted access to healthcare in many parts of the United States. According to the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Rural Health, veterans from these areas are not as protected as veterans from huge urban communities. In order to access organizations that are passionate about the well-being of patients, more doctors and mental health personnel would have to be willing to work in rural and critical areas of need.

The prevalence of PTSD in those who are not connected to the military is also a difficult problem. The National Resource Center on Sexual Violence found that half of rape victims are screened for measures regarding PTSD. Given the high rate of major issues regarding children and adults who have been hurt through assault, it is recommended that informed injury scenarios be used, including collaborative, and expertise-based interventions that address the inevitable impact of the injury (Prigerson HG, 2002). Ongoing research has further highlighted the need to refine the concept of PTSD by realizing how central the word shame can play in its aspects. Discomfort has long been considered an external risk of PTSD, but it is common for some survivors, especially those with relationship brutality, to discover the obvious internal danger of embarrassment (Kessler RC, 2005).

Compared to the problem of underdiagnoses of PTSD, many mental health experts can now typically provide government-funded training that gives stress relief. Their analysis of the DSM is that the expansion of symptomatic patterns of PTSD may have unintended consequences by pathological characteristic human responses to episodes that exceptionally interfere with them (Ginzburg K, 2010). A problem is that many researchers seek out more surprising information on the wonder of post-traumatic development and suggest that most injury survivors achieve higher levels of individual development in the future. (Hendin H, 1991). However, new research has given us better treatments for those suffering from the condition, where they are not afraid to suffer in silence. They are now able to participate in new therapies that not only treat the symptoms but allows them the ability to seek therapy that will not only help them, but their families as well.

References 1, N. C. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder: a history and a critique. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 67-71. Ginzburg K, E.-D. T. (2010). Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression: a 20-year longitudinal study of war veterans. Journal of affective disorders., 249–57. Hendin H, H. A. (1991). Suicide and guilt as manifestations of PTSD. Am J Psychiat., 586–91. Iribarren J, P. P. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence-based research for the third millennium. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 503–512. JM., D. C. (1871). On irritable heart: A clinical study of a form of functional cardiac disorder and its consequences. . Am J Med Sci. , 17–52. Kessler RC, C. W. (2005). PRevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month dsm-iv disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry., 617–27. Kilpatrick DG, R. H. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of traumatic stress., 537–47. Lennis G. Echterling, T. A. (2016). Controversies in the evolving diagnosis of PTSD. MH, S. (2014). Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination. Navid Ghaffarzadegan, A. E. (2016). A Dynamic Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for Military Personnel and Veterans. journal.pone. Norris FH, S. L. (2013). Understanding research on the epidemiology of trauma and PTSD. PTSD Research Quarterly, 1–13. Prigerson HG, M. P. (2002). Population Attributable Fractions of Psychiatric Disorders and Behavioral Outcomes Associated With Combat Exposure Among US Men. American Journal of Public Health, 59–63. Reisman, M. (2016). PTSD Treatment for Veterans: What’s Working, What’s New, and What’s Next. P T, 632-634.

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