Advance Nursing Research: EBP GRAND PROPOSAL ASSIGNMENT

APA Reference

Research Question

Type of Study

Research Design

Sample, Sample Size, and How Selected

Instruments Used, Reliability and Validity, Data Collection Methods

Results (including statistical analysis

Consistent with other Literature)

Limitations

Verhaeghe et al., 2014)

“What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking?”

Survey

Multi-stage Cluster sampling

The number of participants was 728 from Belgium. They were selected randomly based on the number of inhabitants using the multistage clustering method.

Interviews that were based on face to face interactions and computer-assisted were used. The sampling design ensured the participants selected were a representation of the whole population under study which ensured validity. Also, validated instruments were used to measure the variables which facilitated validity.

488 respondents said that those who use former service are looked upon by others while 357 agreed that most people perceive receiving psychiatric treatment as a personal failure. Therefore, the respondents with a higher level of self-stigma perceive care provided by professionals as less important while those with high levels of public stigma attached less importance to informal help-seeking. gender, ethnicity and sociodemographic characteristics were seen to have a less significant impact on help-seeking attitudes, and is supported by (Subramaniam, 2018) who states that less preference to seek informal help is associated with the ability to recognize a mental illness correctly. Multiple linear regression models and logarithmic transformation were used to assess distribution.

The study was limited by the insufficient amount of empirical research, hence inadequate literature to aid in carrying out the research, such as the role of aesthetic environment in patient’s well-being, which provides better knowledge about the relevance of the patient’s room in healing. Also, one of the limitations is that it restricted the interpretation of the causal-effect relationship. Secondly, the study was based on help-seeking attitudes rather than help-seeking behavior which limited the study scope hence creating a bias towards other confounding factors. The limited number of participants affects the ecological generalizability of the findings, especially in larger sample sizes.

(Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt & Birkelund, 2014).

“How seriously ill hospitalized patients’ experience and assign meaning to their patient room?”

Cross-sectional

Survey

The study focused on a sample size of nine (9) patients is three Swedish hospitals.

The instrument used- questionnaire – is standardizes the data collection process, which in turn validates the process by measuring what was purported to measure. Also, the instrument is highly reliable because it incorporates researcher participation, thus giving it the confidence, it deserves as a data collection instrument.

The study findings showed that viewing natural light in patient’s room promotes positive thought for critically ill patients (Timmermann et al., 2014). Other literature has identified other related themes such as enhancing positive thought by overriding negative ones, promoting hope and a positive mood, and helps in bringing good memories. Essentially, being admitted in the ICU deprives patients of the freedom to go outside and experience the natural environment. However, there are different other methods of experiencing this when hospitalized. This could be an ambient light from a glass windows, and doors that let in fresh air. Also, the chair can be placed strategically next to the window so that the patient can have an unhindered view of the outside environment.

The study was limited by the insufficient amount of empirical research, hence inadequate literature to aid in carrying out the research, such as the role of aesthetic environment in patient’s well-being, which provides better knowledge about the relevance of patient’s room in healing. Also, the limited number of participants affects the ecological generalizability of the findings, especially in larger sample sizes.

(Schnyder et al.,2017)

“What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking?”

Meta-analysis and systematic review

Cross-sectional, longitudinal or quantitative surveys

Three electronic databases were searched to ensure the eligibility and relevance of the topic. All the studies that met the search criteria were screened to assess eligibility. A total of 27 studies were used having 31677 participants from the age of fifteen.

The electronic databases used include PsycINFO, EMBASE, and PubMed. These instruments ensured that information acquired is peer-reviewed hence reliable and also multiple studies adopted since 1990 were used to ensure validity by comparing their information.

27 studies ensured the eligibility criteria were met. The involved participants were seen to have a negative attitude towards help-seeking. there stigmatizing attitudes towards those with mental problems showed an association with less active help-seeking. the main outcome was odd ratio which was calculated to assess the impact of stigma on seeking help the confidence interval was 95%. This is supported by Zartaloudi & Madianos, 2010) who agreed that a stigma that is greater is correlated negatively with a favorable attitude toward seeking help.

The first limitation was based on missing some important studies due to publication bias. Secondly, there was less information about the exact operationalization of the stigma measures in the undertaken analysis.

(Hahn et al., 2018)

“To what degree does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients?”

Non-experimental

survey

A total of 950 participants selected from five metropolitan cities in India were used. They were selected using a stratified quota sampling method

Question-based interviews were used and also a translation procedure was performed to translate the questions into the local language. The reliability of the study was ensured through the use of a protocol-based process of data collection and the use of a market research company and a large size of participants.

The respondents showed overall high levels of perceived stigma. Gender had a significant association with stigmatization which in return translates into societal factors that lead to the creation of a treatment gap. This was supported by Asrat, Ayenalem & Yimer, 2018) who state that there is a significant association between internalized stigma and gender.

The first limitation is that the population of India is about 1billion which could not fully be represented by the study sample. Secondly, the study was limited to the cities while the rural areas were unattended and hence the problem was not fully covered.

(Al Saif et al., 2019)

“To what degree does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients?”

survey

Cross-sectional

385 participated in the study. A convenience sampling method that was carried out in two stages was used to select the participants.

A self-report questionnaire was used. The validity of the study was somehow affected by the type of sampling method used. However, to ensure reliability, a review of other sources was done.

The participants showed different stigma attitudes with regard to the working environment. Those who embrace EBP had less stigma towards those with mental illness.

The study was affected by the large general population of health care providers.

Gulliver, Griffiths, & Christensen, 2010)

“Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?”

survey

Systematic review

22 relevant studies were chosen. The sample size ranged from 3 to 3746

Three electronic databases were searched, and the data varied between September-October 2009. The study was reliable and valid.

Young people were seen to be the most to avoid help-seeking due to stigma.

The strategy used to search maybe did not capture all the relevant studies. Also, only 1 researcher coded facilitators and barriers into themes and hence prone to biases.

Salaheddin, & Mason, 2016)

“Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?”

Online survey

Cross-sectional

203 participated in the study. They were selected using snowballing and convenient technique

Focus groups and questionnaire techniques were used. The study was reliable and valid.

45 participants had mental or emotional difficulty and reported to not seek any kind of help.

The was potential for selection bias due to the techniques used. There was also under-representation of males.

(Olausson, Lindale & Ekberg, 2013)

“What is the impact of care and treatment in ICUs on the patient recovery process and wellbeing?”

Cross-sectional

Survey

The study focused on a sample of twelve (12) patients – six men and six women.

The data collection is standardized by the use of open-ended questionnaires that provided the patients with the freedom to answer questions to the best of their ability. The instrument use is highly valid since it measures what was intended to do - to evaluate the impact of patient room in recovery process of patients admitted to the ICU. Also, the instrument is reliable since it acknowledges the involvement of the researchers which gives the confidence the method used to collect the data.

The study results revealed that the natural environment and source of light in the room enhanced patient’s positive thought and emotions in a critical care setting (Olausson et al., 2013). This is line with what Florence Nightingale conceived the idea of perceiving patient room, as an essential part in patient’s relief as well as health outcomes. According to Nightingale, patient’s room plays is key element in aesthetic sensory perceptions. Also, she asserts that a room is not a place for just a sleep, but somewhere where a patient’s well-being is promoted. Such may include decorations, flowers, and ambient music that may promote healing in an ICU setting.

The study was limited by the low number of the study subjects. Also, the existence of uncertainty concerning ICU delirium prevalence. However, other research reveals that revealing delirium in ICU patients may offset the uncertainty. Also, the low number of participants may result in trivial variations, which according to the researchers can be balanced by a dense description of interview questions of real-world experiences.