project

Running Head: DEPRESSION 2

LITERATURE REVIEW 1

DEPRESSION

Effect of the Increased Rate of Depression in the United States

Florida International University

Dayana Lewandowski

HSA 6717

February 21, 2020

Background and Introduction

In the recent decade, depression has been termed as a modern-day epidemic due to the increasing rate of depression cases in the United States. Most people view depression as commonly encountered chronic conditions in primary care, leading to an increased rate of depression in the world since it remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. People and healthcare organizations tend to ignore the sign of depression as they term it as a mere stressful mood or sad feeling that will go away with time (Orgeta, Qazi, Spector, & Orrell, 2015). This does not always happen as a small, sad feeling may advance to a more severe problem, which has caused an increased rate of depression in the United States. 

Depression is a disease like other diseases that require healthcare attention through treatment. It is a mental disorder disease that presents with low self-esteem, stress, feeling guilt, depressed mood, poor concentration, loss of interest, loss of appetite, low self-worth, and disturbed sleep (El Bayoumi & Ismail, 2015). Depression problem is usually brought by lifetime events that face human being in their daily life where some people are weak to handle the situation. This event may include health issues, loss of loved one, relationship, loose of something one holds closes to them. It may also be occurred due to no apparent reasons like the one named above. 

There is a different type of depression that vary on how an individual’s depression sign and symptoms manifest themselves. The major depression experienced by United States citizens and all over the world is Major Depression Disorder (MDD) that is characterized by a mood disorder (Albert, 2019). Other types include premenstrual dysphoric disorder suffered mostly by women.

In healthcare facilities, there is no laboratory test to diagnosis depression, and the primary analysis is done id to evaluate the cause of the depression. The diagnosis process is more of an art than a science, and medical physicians generally depend upon the patient's symptoms and signs. Currently, most of the doctor depends on diagnostics and statistical manual of mental disorder to provide a more detailed analysis of the disease. 

According to Olfson, Blanco, & Marcus (2016), depression is mostly experienced by more women than men, while unemployed people are at high risk of being affected. Different depression episodes may be characterized by varying signs and symptoms depending on what triggered the events such as motor retardation, sleep patterns, feeling of guilt or shame, fatigue, among others.

Depression is increasingly being perceived as a global healthcare problem due to increased mental health issues related to depression in the world. The perspective of depression rate perceived as a global health problem is widely covered by the World Health Organization (WHO), providing evidence of increased depression rates in the world. The world health organization analysis shows that ten to twenty per cents of internal medicine inpatient and outpatient suffer from depressive illnesses. The same rate is experienced by the patient suffering from chronical disease leading to a high percentage of depression in the world. 

In the United States, more than seventeen million adults suffer from major depressive episodes. The rate continues to increase as young people below the age of eighteen years have expressed a high sigh of depression effects in the United States (Kuehner, 2017). Women are mostly affected by major depressive disorder compared to men representing more than eight percent, while men show five percent of the effect. The significant difference between women and men affected by depression is high between the age of eighteen and twenty-five years. 

According to Olfson, Blanco, & Marcus (2016), the high increased rate of depression in the world is because most of the people with depression do not receive medical treatment for their signs and symptoms until it is too late for them. Approximately fifty percent of the adults have a major depressive disorder in their lifetime medical history seek medical attention and treatment in health care facilities. In contrast, forty-eight percent do not receive mental healthcare attention within a year. It shows the high risk of people suffering from depression increasing due to a lack of access to medical treatment, increasing the already existing depression (Haddad & Boyce, 2017). This is because there no population leaving the suffering population through the procedure, while others continue to suffer from depression. 

Another dominant perception that has led to an increasing rate of depression is the belief by the American citizen and medical physician that distress is chronically under-diagnosed among people or in the society and therefore undertreated (Siu et al., 2016). The views are evidence among public health institutions as less than twenty-five percent of patients suffering from depression globally have access to medical treatment. It has contributed to the global problem of diseases discussed most in the world. 

The apparent increase in the depression rate in the world has been caused by the change of the definitions of depression and the diagnosis process under the new diagnostic statistic manual that is widely used in the United States (Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, & Martin, 2017). The method distinguishes mental disorder according to patient patterns of signs and symptoms usually used by a medical physician, policymaker, researchers, and pharmaceutical companies. The process considers depression disease as a minor reaction of mental distress grounded in stress and anxiety. This fails to recognize depressions as a condition by itself leading to many cases of depression worldwide. 

Diagnostic statistical manual receives significant criticism of its validity and reliability of classifying and defining mental disorders such as depression. It has set the threshold of diagnosis of depression too law leading to confusion of the causes and behavioral signs to distinguish it from normal distress (Knapen, Vancampfort, Moriën, & Marchal, 2014). There is a need for the appropriate classification of mental disorder to clearly identify normal distress from depression related signs and symptoms. 

The medicalization of distress has contributed to a high rate of depression in the United States (Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, & Martin, 2017). Despite the benefits of overdiagnosis of symptom-based classification of mental illness, the process had experiences difficulties in the expansion of diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder. Effective diagnosis of mental illness helps in the development of treatment of depression, decreases in the social stigma of mental illness. 

The increasing rate of antidepressant prescription of depression cases in the United States is used as a measure for depression rate. In the recent decade, there has been an increase in the antidepressant prescription that has become a normal prescribed class of medication in the United States (Cusack et al., 2016). The increased antidepressant use has led to and the new form of treatment of depression that helps to determine the current mental disorder in health service. Notably, increase use of antidepressant prescriptions has led to unmet needs for treatment for depression, which is a widely appropriate medical response. 

The effort to address the unmet needs, such as economic burden societal problems by targeting the cause of under-diagnosis for diagnosis and treatment of depression, helps to curb the rate of depression. Increased overdiagnosis of the causes of depression may result in a increased productivity, improved physical health, reduced discrimination, reduced suicide rate, decreased social stigma, and reduced mental illness. It also reduces the problem associated with depression, such as drug and substance use, alcohol abuse, and suicidal case. 

According to Olfson, Blanco, & Marcus (2016), more harm is caused to depression patients by failing to diagnosis severe depression than overdiagnosis and its consequence. This is the primary cause of the increased suicidal cases of excessive abuse of alcohol by depressed people. It may lead to the use of antidepressant drugs by patients who may not need them while those in need fails to get the medicine. 

Purpose of the Study

The primary purpose of the study is to evaluate the causes of the increased rate of depression in the United States and come up with ways to mitigate the high rate from expanding any further. The increase rate of depression is alarming in the United States and other parts of the world, leading to a significant global health problem in the health sector (Rosenbaum, Stubbs, & Vancampfort, 2018). The number of people affected by depression is increasing daily due to a lack of proper diagnosis and treatment of distress. It also to close the existing knowledge gap on the recent cases of the high rate of depression, method of preventing new trends in mental disorder, future ways of dealing with diagnosis and treatment of depression. 

Research Question

1. To evaluate the causes of increased depression rates in the United States.

2. To determine the diagnosis and treatment of depression 

3. To determine the appropriate method to curb the increasing depression rate in the United States.

Significance of the Study

The study is aimed at helping the health care sector, especially the medical physician, in dealing with the problem of depression in curbing the rate of mental illness. The study identifies the causes of depression that have been a significant hindrance in dealing with the depression case (Rosenbaum, Stubbs, & Vancampfort, 2018). Most of the medical physician face challenges in differentiating the cause of various mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, distress, and sadness.

The study also helps in coming up with the best diagnosis method and treatment that is effective in dealing with depression rates. One of the major problems leading to a high rate of depression is a lack of a problem method to diagnosis depression and provide appropriate treatment that will be covered in the study. It will also develop the best techniques to deal with depression disorder in the United States to reduce the economic burden of dealing with depression by the government. 

The study also contributes to the existing research knowledge that assists the academic progress of the existing problem in healthcare service. Other researchers and academics will use the information in supporting their evidence as well as expanding to the research.

Literature Review

Introduction

Depression is a major healthcare problem that affects the majority of people at one time in their life. The increasing rate of depression cases has classified the problem as an epidemic facing the world with a high rate experienced in the United States. This is because most people affected with depression in the early stage view it as the chronical condition that will go away on its own, hence remain underdiagnosed and untreated, increasing the rate of depression in the world. Medical physician tends to ignore the sign of depression in the early days of the disease as they relate it with sadness and minor stress that can go away with time.

The problem of depression is like other major diseases that require high medical care and attention to reduce the effect of depression in the world. It is a major mental disorder that leads to poor concentration, loose of focus, low self-esteem, low self-worth, loss of interest, stress, feeling guilt, and loss of appetite, among others (Albert, 2015). It is highly contributed by a lifetime event happening in one life where some people are weak to handle the situation.

Major depression disorder is a highly experienced type of depression in the United States. It is characterized by faulty mood regulation, continually life circumstances, medical problems, genetic vulnerability, and medication (Albert, 2019). Most of these factors interact together to bring depression conditions leading to the patient losing self-esteem and control in life. Lack of established ways to determine depression in its early stages through a medical process led to the increased rate of depression that only come to the awareness of medical physicians its critical conditions.

The increasing cases of suicide among patients suffering from depression led to the need to reach the causes of the increased rate of depression in the United States. More than fifty percent of suicide death cause in the United States are a result of depression (Albert, 2015). The figure rises to seventy-five percent if it includes those who consume excess alcohol due to depression and later leading to suicide. Another significant effect is the increased case of mental illness, leading to rising in depression in the United States.

The topic of the increasing effect of depression will offer some of the lasting solutions to the major causes of depression. It helps people who do not know about what is going on in their body to seek medical and therapy help hence reducing the cases of depression worldwide. It provides medical physicians and healthcare organizations with ways to diagnose and treats depression leading to significant improvement in the health care services offered to the depressed patient. It easies the work of health care centers since depression is treatable if identified early. Still, the cause of depression must be identified first for effective treatment, which is the most challenging part of the medical staff. Identifying the cause and effect of depression reduces cases of suicide and mental illness in the world since it provides methods to curb the increasing rate of depression in the United States.

The literature review will utilize the secondary source of information that include peer reviews articles and case studies that focus on the effect of increased depression rate in the United States. The paper analysis existing literature based on the research question. The primary objectives focus on the impact of the increasing rate of depression in the United States. The research question includes doing evaluate the cause of increased depression rates, determining the analysis and treatment of depression, and determining the appropriate methods to curb the increasing depression rate in the United States.

Overview of Characteristics

In the United States, depression disorder affects more than seventeen million adults and approximately seven percent of the United States population (Depression Statistics, 2019). Young people and women are the most affect with depression compared to men. More than two million children aged between thirteen and seventeen are diagnosed with depression in 2018(Depression Statistics, 2019). Most of the adults suffering from depression-related symptoms are at high risk of developing other major problems such as coronary artery disease.

According to a survey done by Columbian University Mailman School of Public health, depression has risen to a higher percentage among young people aged twelve years and above over the last decade (Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health., 2020). The rate of depression in the United States has risen from six percent to seven percent between the years 2005 and 2015. The high rapid increase was experienced mostly for young people aged twelve years and seventeen from eight percent in 2005 to twelves percent in 2015 (Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health., 2020). The increase depressions rise in young people has dangerous individual and societal consequences leading to increased government, society, and health organization concern to way to reduce the effect.

Columbian University Mailman School of Public health research also found that depression has high among young and old people. The group is vulnerable to significant causes of depression, such as life, even or health conditions that affect their health status (Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health., 2020). The rapid increase in depression also experienced among white’s people compared to black people in the United States.

Other groups that experience a high depression rate include the lower income group, high-income group, and those with a higher level of education (Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health., 2020). Most of these groups experience a high depression rate due to an increase in pressure to maintain their life in order, such as work land life-related stress, balancing career, work, and income stress.

Depression is highly spread among women compared to men. According to Albert (2015), 5.5 percent of women are suffering from depression compared to 3.2 percent of men globally by the year 2012. This is a rapid increase in women compared to men due to biological sex differences (Albert, 2015). The risk is high in young women aged fourteen-year to twenty-five-year-old, which decreased with age. Young women are at high risk of being affected by mental disorders and major depression due to failure to take antidepressant treatment and therapy seriously until their health worsen (Albert, 2015). At the age of sixty-five years, women tend to experience the same rate of depression with men of the same period.

According to França & McManus (2018), the frequency at which hospitals and healthcare centers encounter depression cases has increased overtimes. Most of the cases reported are from women who have just had children within forty weeks after delivery that accounted for more than three hundred million of the collected sampled (França & McManus, 2018). The study shows the high increase of depression among women and the leading causes attributed to women being at high risk of depression compared to men due to delivery issues and taking responsibilities of the children after birth.

Review of the Increase in Depression Rate

Causes of Depression

The mood disorder is highly associated with increased cases of depression that emerge as major clinical issues. According to Robinson & Jorge (2016), the mood disorder is a significant feature with a patient suffering from depression according to the meta-analysis of various factor of causing depression and stroke diseases. Mood disorder consists of mental health disorder that disrupts the emotional balance in the person lead to increased stress and sadness over life events.

Cognitive impairment and mood disorder are a significant contributor to post-stroke depression (Robinson & Jorge, 2016). Cognitive recovery is a vital process to reducing to impact of dost stroke depression together with antidepressant treatment. According to Gallagher, Kiss, Lanctot, & Herrmann (2018), mild cognitive impairment act as a base for depression, and Alzheimer's dementia that is mostly expressed by old people. It contributes to high depression among elderly people aged sixty-five years and above to low progress of the brain leading to mild cognitive impairment and later depression (Gallagher, Kiss, Lanctot, & Herrmann, 2018). People with a history of depression at their young age increase the risk of developing mild cognitive impairment leading to a high rate of depression in the old days despite treatment at a young age.

According to the diathesis-stress theory, the impact of continuous stresses in life increases the risk of the dependent on the diathesis and vulnerability to depression (Colodro Conde et al., 2019). Major depression disorder is highly correlated with the stress that increases the susceptibility for depression and other health conditions to the patient. Increased social life events and social support lead to an increased rate of depression in the United States (Colodro Conde et al., 2019). According to Colodro Conde et al. (2019), the venerability of stress and the high number of reported personal life events beyond individual expectations are high contribute to depression in the United States.

Anxiety with the relationship of other personal traits is the primary cause of major depressive disorder. Depression is highly associated with anxiety with other individual behavior that leads to serious mental illness (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler, 2015). General stress, anxiety factors, and personal dimension are highly correlated with depression leading to personal traits such as suicidal behavior to patients. According to Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler (2015), general stress is the cause of depression and suicidal behavior if it goes untreated for a long time.

Environmental factor performs an essential role in the development of depression problem since they trigger stress in a real-life situation. According to Córdova-Palomera et al. (2016), environmental factor such as work-related stress, family condition, and life situation among other lead to depression vulnerability by alteration of the oscillatory neural activities during a resting state of a human being. Life events and circumstances that get involve human beings such as losing close family members, involvement in an accident can trigger the brain to react differently, causing depression in the long run (Córdova-Palomera et al., 2016). Environmental factor leads to low self-esteem, anxiety, loneliness, and anger, among others, lead to increased stress in one life such that they do not go away easily, causing depression at last.

Diagnosis and Treatment

According to Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler (2015), the only to identify and treat depression is through general identity stress early enough before it changes one personal behavior. General distress is the structure for increased sadness, anxiety, and depression among adults leading to a change of individual personality traits. It is highly associated with self-harm, feeling guilt, loneliness, and increased loss of focuses to typical things in life that it goes untreated, the man leads to depression (Subica, Allen, Frueh, Elhai, & Fowler 2015). This is the sign and symptom that people and medical physicians should be looking for to diagnose depression in its early stage instead of waiting until it’s too late.

According to Olfson, Blanco, & Marcus (2016), the increase of government activities to encourage depression patients to take antidepressant treatment seriously, there has needed no improve or little improvement toward adherence to the treatment among the patient. The study proposal of the patient screen of depression regularly as a means of diagnosing a patient who tests positive for depression (Olfson, Blanco, & Marcus, 2016). Following the identification of positive signs of depression, the patient should be subjected to proper clinical treatment to improve the health condition before it too late.

Psychological treatment is one of the recommended methods to cure depression and reduce the rate of depression among adults. According to Orgeta, Qazi, Spector, & Orrell (2015), a psychological treatment that involved the development of numerous guidelines has been proven for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder for a long time. The evidence supports the effectiveness of posttraumatic stress disorder therapies together with cognitive behavior therapy and cognitive processing therapy to moderate and reduce the effect of depression (Orgeta, Qazi, Spector, & Orrell, 2015). It shows the advantage of the consistency of posttraumatic stress disorder therapies to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the treatment.

According to Albert (2019), neuroplasticity is a depression treatment that seeks to resolve the environmental factor leading to depression to human beings. It develops a synaptic reorganization in response to an environmental stressor as a basis to understand, adjust, learn, and remember in the process of treatment (Albert, 2019). It develops brain stimulus to antidepressant medication hence able to achieve an effective result at the end.

Methods to Curb Depression

According to Hall & Reynolds-III (2014), collaborative care intervention should be adopted worldwide to support those with depression. Patients with late-life stages of depression tend to seek medication support but show poor treatment adherence hence increasing the rate of depression. According to Hall & Reynolds-III (2014), the effectiveness of collaborative care incentives in preventing an increase in depression rate should focus on equality of gender and ethnicity in reducing stigmatization and deprivation of depression.

Besides the effective treatment of depression, the patient should be put under the primary care system as a way of preventing them from suffering again in their lifetime (Hall & Reynolds-III, 2014). The increase rate of depression is experienced since the antidepression has proven to be inactive to treatment as most of the patients do not adhere to the treatment (Olfson, Blanco, & Marcus, 2016). Therefore, there is a need for a primary care system for the depressed patient to ensure they adhere to medication and provide enough support in the life to point the patient cannot go back to depression state. According to Hall & Reynolds-III (2014), most of the patients entirely treated off depression tend to regenerate the same problem of depression while they are old.

In the United States, most depressed patients receive treatment in the primary care system compared to mental illness institutions but have proved to be ineffective in controlling the rising increase in depression in the country. According to Orgeta, Qazi, Spector, & Orrell (2015), the primary care system should take a population-based approach treatment of depression. The approach focuses on the whole well-being of the patient by following a systematic approach to treatment and full recovery (Orgeta, Qazi, Spector, & Orrell (2015). The approaches focus on finding and diagnosis, treatment, patient engagement, and treatment to ensure the patient does not go back to the same state.

The primary care system should address environmental factor lead to depression to curb the increasing rate of depression in the United States. According to Orgeta, Qazi, Spector, & Orrell (2015), behavioral health problems such as drug and substance abuse, anxiety, low self-esteem are the major causes of increasing depression in America. The ability to address the issues among depressed patients leads to better recovery instead of medical treatment. The primary care should be more of therapies activities to help full patient recovery by addressing the cause of depression.

Effect of Increased Depression

According to (Clark, Li, & Cropsey, 2016), depression is the primary source of increased suicide rates in the world. Through the research done on all suicidal cases including in jail and prison, more than eighty percent of the cases are a result of the long-term struggle with depression. The research aimed to identifies the factor that increases suicide risk in the American community that concluded a lack of proper mental and physical health due to depression lead to suicidal. Family dysfunctions, which are a leading cause of depression and stress, lead to suicide.

According to Capron, Lamis, & Schmidt (2014), depression has led to increasing suicide rates among young people. In the United States, suicide has continued to increase for decades. Depression distress act as amplifying to the suicide rate among young people due to slack of anxiety sensitivity (Capron, Lamis, & Schmidt (2014). Most young people face various environmental factors and life events such as the divorce of the parents or break up with girls/ boyfriends that are difficult to handle.

Depression among college students lead to increased suicide rate in the institution of higher learning. Most young people do not seek medical attention when faces with minus stress issues that tend to accumulate until they cannot handle it anymore. According to Capron, Lamis, & Schmidt (2014), the role of anxiety sensitivity cognitive concern decreases as one continues to experience stress, anxiety, sadness, and loneliness, which increases the risk of being suffering from depression. Young people, mostly those in college, tend to handle things on their own without involves other people that are close to them, therefore at high risk of depression and suicide.

Mental illness is another significant effect of depressions that leads to increased mortality in society. Most of the depressed people in the community are highly associated with all kinds of molarity due to the loss of their mental control (Brown et al., 2015). Depressed people have associated with behavior high addiction to alcohol and substance abuse that increases molarity in the community. Comprehensive assessments of people who drink alcohol regularly and uncontrollably tend to be suffering from depression (Brown et al., 2015). It has set a bad example into the community due to their unethical behavior in public despite some of being a public figure to society.

Conclusion

The existing information provides the basis of the research question and the main problem of the research. Most of the authors and researcher has focused on the cause of the increased depression in the United States and come up with substantial information on what may be leading to a rapid increase in depression. Most of the authors found out that mood disorder and cognitive impairment as genetic causes of depression. Environmental factor, social life event, anxiety is a major contributor to increased depression.

The literature review is theoretically developed on major diagnosis and treatment methods effective in dealing with a high rate of depression. It reviews major treatments such as physiological treatment, neuroplasticity, and effective implementation of antidepressant treatment as an efficient way to assist in the full recovery of the patient. It also reviews major contributions by the government and community to curb the increasing rate of depression, such as the patient care system and collaborative care system.

The literature review shows great strength of information in provide statistical data on the rate of increased depression cases in the United States. Many authors present well-analyzed data concerning depression. Other areas include identifying the biological cause of depression in most of the people that trigger the change in behavior or even lead to the suicide of the victims. The effect of depression is also well covered on how depression has led to increased suicide rate mostly among young adults

Despite the available literate review of depression, there is a weakness in identify depression at an early age and proposing an effective method to treat the patient out of depression fully. Another area that shows the weakness of information is establishing the proper method to curb the increasing rate of depression.

Despite the significant contribution of the author in providing the basis of the information, there is a big gap of literature on how major environmental factors such as lead to the long-lasting effect of depression. Almost everyone experiences depression due to life events such as loss of a loved one, which tends to fade away with time. There is no information connecting how that depression that fades away by itself tends to affect a person later. On diagnosis and treatment, there is no existing information on how to identify the early signs of depression before they get worse. This has contributed to nursing refer to depression as minor stress hence giving the wrong treatment.

The study will utilize the strengths in the literature to provide the foundation of the research. It will be integrated with the finding of the study to ensure its contribution to the existing knowledge and close the knowledge gap. Weakness for the basis of what I should focus on in the research to ensure they close the existing gap. The study concentrates much on the identified gap to provide the information which links the existing knowledge with the current information. The gaps are addressed under each research question that seeks to fill the gap.

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