PART 2 OF THE RESEARCH
hapiness
LiteratureReview.pptReview of the Literature
Chapter 2
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Outline
- The research topic
- The literature review
- The use of literature review
- Techniques of literature review
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
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The Research Topic
- Before considering what literature to use:
- Identify the topic
- e.g. “organizational creativity,” “psychological stress”
- Describe the topic in a few words or in a short phrase.
- The topic becomes the central idea to learn about or to explore.
- Then, conduct literature review about the topic
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Research Topic
- Gain insight into the topic/ strategy to develop topic by:
a. Drafting a working title
- “My study is about…”
- “My study is about at-risk children in the junior high,”
- “My study is about helping college faculty become better researchers.”
- Straightforward, uncomplicated thoughts, easy to read and understand
- Be brief and avoid wasting words (“An approach to…”, “A Study of…..”
- Single or double title (an Ethnography: Understanding a Child‘s Perception of War.“)
- Eliminate most articles and preposition
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Research Topic
- Gain insight into the topic/ ….
b. Posing a brief question
- What needs to be answered?
- “What brings people to tourist sites in the Midwest?”
- “What treatment is best for depression?”
- Consider how this question miight be expanded later on the purpose statment and research questions/hypothesis
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
- First step is to examine research on the topic
- How does this project contribute to the literature?
- How the study might address a topic that has yet to be examine
- New perspectives:
- new topic,
- new elements,
- replication with new situations/participants?
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Research Topic
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
- The topic can be researched if:
You have access to participants
You have resources to collect and analyze information
- The topic should be researched if:
The research will add to the literature about the topic
Scholars will be interested in the topic
A study of it will advance your personal goals
Now, the search can begin for related literature on the topic
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Research Topic
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review: Purposes
- Shares the results of other studies
- Relates the study to the larger ongoing dialogue in the literature, filling in gaps and extending prior studies
- Provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study
- Provides a benchmark for comparing the results to other findings
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
- Literature reviews take several forms/types:
Integrate what others have done and said
Criticize previous scholarly works
Bridge between related topics
Identify the central issues in the field
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Use of Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Use of literature review in Qualitative study
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
In quantitative methods studies, researchers use the literature to:
Provide direction to the research questions and hypotheses
Introduce a problem
Introduce and describe the theory that will be used
Examine the usefulness of the theory
Compare results with existing literature or predictions
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Use of literature review in Quantitative Study
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
In qualitative research, inquirers use the literature in a manner consistent with the assumptions of learning from the participant, not prescribing the questions that need to be answered from the researcher’s standpoint. One of the chief reasons for conducting a qualitative study is that the study is exploratory. This usually means that not much has been written about the topic or the population being studied, and the researcher seeks to listen to participants and build an understanding based on what is heard.
The use of literature in qualitative research varies considerably. In one example, literature on a cultural concept or a critical theory can be introduced early as an orienting framework for ethnographies.
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- In mixed methods studies, researchers use the literature:
In either a quantitative or qualitative approach
Sequential approach: in each phase, consistent with either the quantitative or qualitative approach
The decision as to which form to use is based on the audience for the study
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Use of literature review in Mixed research
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Steps in conducting a literature review:
1. Identify key words:
- useful in locating material
- Emerge in identifying a topic
2. Search (computerized) online databases:
- ERIC, ProQuest, EBSCO, Sociological Abstracts, PsycINFO, PubMed, Science Direct, Google scholar, SSCI
- With key words in mind
- Journals and books
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Techniques of Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
3. Identify about 50 research reports in articles or books
- Check for the availability (library/interlibrary loan)
4. Skim initial group of articles
- Collect those that are central to your topic
5. Design a literature map
- visual picture of groupings of the literature on the topic
- position your study within the larger body of research
- The structure of the literature map may be:
Hierarchical pattern
Flowchart layout
Series of circles
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Techniques of Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review: Literature Map
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
6. Draft summaries of the most relevant articles
- these summaries are combined into the final literature review
- Include precise references to the literature using an appropriate style guide
7. Write a literature review
- assemble the literature review, structuring it thematically or organizing it by important concepts.
- addresses a gap in the themes.
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Techniques of Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
The literature review process
Saunders et al. (2016). Research methods for business students, 7th Ed.
Most useful: academic books and journals
Literature sources
Saunders et al. (2016). Research methods for business students, 7th Ed.
Tips for searching in computerized databases:
- Use both free databases and those available in your academic library
- Search several databases, even those outside your field
- Use guides to terms to locate articles
- Locate articles close to your topic and use their terms in your search
- Use databases that provide access to full text
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
A priority for selecting literature material:
- Start with broad syntheses (such as encyclopedias) if you are new to the topic
- Turn to journal articles in national journals
- Next, consider books
- Then examine conference papers
- Scan for dissertations
- Lastly, consider reports on the web
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
A quantitative or mixed methods literature review:
- Introduce the review with a statement about the organization of the sections
- Review literature about the independent variables
- Review literature about the dependent variables
- Review literature that relates the independent variables to the dependent variables
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
A quantitative or mixed methods literature review:
- Provide a summary:
Highlight important studies
Capture major themes
Suggest why more research is needed
Advance how the proposed study will fill this need
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Literature Review
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Summary
- Identify your topic through a brief title or central research question
- Use the literature to
Present similar studies
Relate the study to the literature
Provide a framework for comparison
- Different purpose depending on approach
- Search databases using key terms
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
