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Abstract

Domestic terrorism has become a challenge in the worldwide. Department of Home Security (DHS) does the partnership with local, federal and state government in order to enhance public safety. Small entities or local communities are empowered so that they are prepared for any of the domestic terrorism hence protecting the citizens. Some of the strategies that can be used by the small entities in preparation for domestic terrorism are training of the local communities about terrorisms, warning system installations and ensuring effective communication channels. Partnership in the law enforcement has improved the level of public security and increased the level of awareness about response mechanism to terrorist attacks. Domestic terrorism leads to the destruction of economic infrastructures, interruption of investment and leads to the death of people. The main purpose of this article is to assess mechanisms that can be used by small entities in combating domestic terrorism as well as protecting the citizens.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Background information

Partnership for Law Enforcement needs pulling efforts together from federal, state and local government. Department of Homeland security makes sure that all the partners are aware of the strategies, behaviors and other tactics used by the terrorists. For a country to maintain homeland security, it must address issues of hometown security. The partners form a strong backbone for domestic defense of the nation against any terrorist attack. They help in the detection, control, and prevention of terrorist in the nation.

The partners ensure that the means of communication, sharing information and emergency response are very effective so that in case of terrorist attack efficient and effective communication takes place (Ezcurra, 2017). Department of Homeland Security (DHS) ensures there are adequate federal resources and thorough training and support are provided to the partners. Awareness is created to make the citizens conversant with the emerging threats and how they should respond to any of the terrorist activities.

New experts and enough resources are provided by DHS to offer training and any relevant information which may be needed by the citizens to counterattack the terrorists. Law enforcement training is provided to the local communities in order to enhance expertise capacity at all levels. The safety of a country is based on how strong can the state, local and federal government cooperate and work together. If there three governments are collaborating, it is easy to address terrorism issues facing a country. The local communities will be conversant with all process which terrorists use to make their attacks hence they will be prepared. Preparation entails having adequate resources, understanding counterattack mechanisms, and effective communications channels.

Statement of the problem

Terrorist attacks in the United States have become an emerging threat. Citizens should be aware of the strategies or tactics which are used by terrorists and how they can counter attack them. Many people have been killed by terrorists and property destroyed. Destruction of economic infrastructures by terrorist leads to big economic loss. There is a need for the federal, local and state government to be prepared for terrorism activities (Ghatak & Gold, 2017). Education of the local communities and conducting thorough training can make citizens be well conversant with terrorist response mechanism.

Terrorism activities lead to the destruction of economic infrastructures, the death of people and weakening of the nation's economy in general. This is why the nations are focused on developing a mechanism and concrete solutions which will combat the terrorist activities. There is a partnership in all levels of governments as well as the citizens in the creation of awareness about terrorism and its impact to the country. Collaboration and working as a team can minimize the deaths due to terrorism and strengthen economic infrastructures at all levels.

Objectives of the study

1. To examine the preparatory strategies that small entities can utilize to combat terrorisms as well as protect citizens.

2. To assess the importance of partnership between DHS, local, federal and state government in combating terrorism.

3. To find out the impacts of terrorism on the economy of a nation and to the citizens.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Preparatory strategies for terrorism by small entities

Local communities can be prepared for the terrorism by having a warning system for giving alerts whenever there is an attack. Authorities make the warning system available in all locations. The warning systems have the capabilities to detect all type of terrorist risks which might take place. Communication is made effective in the local areas by ensuring there are channels which can deliver information very fast whenever there is an emergency. Some of the warning devices which can be used include television, siren, internet, and radio (Kellner, 2015).

Similarly, small entities can be prepared by being trained and having relevant information in relation to terrorist attacks. If citizens are trained to response mechanism to terrorist attack, it will be easy for them to respond effectively whenever there is an emergency. Training reduces tension and anxiety before an attack happens. It reduces the occurrence of human death and destruction of property. Law enforcement works effectively when there is a partnership and all being are pulling their efforts towards protection of citizen against terrorists’ attacks. Each level of government will try to play its role. The federal government provides important resources which are required for the training state government helps in the implementation and the local government conducts training to the citizens.

According to (Sageman, 2014)there has been a continuous research to understand the motivating factor that leads to people turning out to be violent and engaging in terrorism, in order to come up with the methods to utilize to counter terrorism in the country. However, (Sageman, 2014); believes that there are many factors that lead to terrorism and the fact that these factors bypass each other make it difficult to come up with the major cause and thus the issue of a universal method of eradicating domestic terrorism. There are possibilities of developing the methods to reduce and safeguard the citizens from terrorism through the utilization of the identifiable patterns, e known causes, the location as well as dynamics.

To counter domestic terrorism, (Pedahzur, 2005) states that the team should start the whole process by identifying both the short-term and the long-term strategies based on the causes and the degree of harm caused by the attack. To start with the short term strategies, (Pedahzur, 2005), suggested that the interveners involved should develop a close relationship as well as the trust between the affected community, the antagonists, and the government.

The trust and relationship developed will, therefore, be efficient in the application of both the offensive and the defensive measure of counter-terrorism. In the case of the offensive strategies, the team will send the intelligence group to a different part, who will be charged with the responsibility to collect data and information from different stakeholders or even the presidency. At this level, the counterterrorism team is able to make a decision as to whether there is needed to send the military for intervention or not. On the other hand, the defensive intervention according to (Cremonesi, 2008), include the prevention, crisis management as well as the reconstruction of strategies. some of the actions that occur in the long-term strategies include the imprisonment of the leaders of the terrorist groups as well as providing the necessary aid to the vulnerable and the affected population to regain back their trust in the government as well as taking part in reporting any suspect of terrorism and thus making the operations of the team easier in the future (Chenoweth, 2009).

There are different arguments that exist among the scholar concerning the effect of the removal of the leaders of the terrorist groups. For example, Price, 2012, as cited in Crenshaw, 2014), believes that the removal of the leaders would reduce the effects and the activities the groups. Crenshaw, 2014 cited that, the removal of such leaders by either sentiment or military strike or killing would lead to the recruitment of more members. For example, the extra-judicial killing of Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf who was the founder of Boko Haram would reduce the chances of the Boko Haram committing violence and causing harm to the people. On the contrary, the killing of the leader led to the opposition from the team an, therefore, they fought further and escalating the levels of conflicts and thus causing even more harm to the citizens as opposed to the expectations.

Using the above illustration of Boko Haram, it is clear that the use of force alone is not sufficient to counter domestic terrorism. There is a need for the team to ensure that before any solution is deployed and made to the operation, there should be a clear picture of the objectives as well as the reference utilized to develop the methods (Irwin, 2015). Additionally, the interveners should ensure that there is a proper study of the method to ensure that they are equipped with the proper knowledge on the limitations of the solutions developed as well as the long-term effects on the society of which it will be applied.

The development of the solution to terrorism alone is not sufficient to effectively do away with terrorism. There are different factors which are interconnected to terrorism solutions and should be considered for effectiveness. Hoffman (2009) gives the four elements that are interconnected and all related to the eradication of terrorism. There should be a clear strategy that is understood by all the policymakers. Secondly, the policymakers should have a well-defined strategy or implement the solutions. The third element is that there should be the involvement of the government in the whole process through the agents. Finally, all the stakeholders should have a unified effort and willing power to implement the strategy. In line with the given guidelines, Hoffman (2009) further came up with the following five-point solution.

First, the terrorists should be denied the sanctuary and the access to the resources and support as well as elimination of their freedom of movement. Secondly, the terrorists should be identified and be neutralized. The team should ten develop a secure environment ranging from the local, regional and all the way up to the global. Fourth, Ongoing and effective neutralization of terrorist propaganda and information operations through the planning and execution of a comprehensive and integrated information operations and holistic civil affairs campaign in harmony with the first four tasks. And finally, interagency efforts to build effective and responsible civil governance mechanisms that eliminate the fundamental causes of terrorism and insurgency. (pp. 372-373).

The development of the strategies to counter terrorism on the paper can be very easy and then its implementation poses a problem. For example, the team could come up or develop the best of strategies and then they end up not being helpful to the vulnerable community or rather the country as a whole. There is a need for harmony and peace among the team itself. Most a times, there has been antagonism between the intelligence group and the academic experts. The elected leaders who are elected to champion the groups towards the intended goal n duo antagonizing each other for personal interests and thus leading to the failure of the implementation of the well-laid strategies. (Sageman, 2014) therefore, insists that to ensure effective demolish of the terrorism among the people, there is need to ensure that all the parties are in harmony and working towards the same goal.

According to (McGarrell et al 2007, pp.151-153), the most effective and efficient way to prevent terrorism from occurring is through the development of an effective community policing policy that embraces all the members of the community and takes into account all the races an groups within the community. According to the author, when the person charged with the responsibility to enforce the law have a close and well-defined relationship with the community, it makes it easier for the flow of information to and from the community and thus preventing terror attacks.

Another terrorism prevention technique includes cop preparing. Kercher et al (2008) say officers ought to be prepared particularly in coming up with the evidence, recognizing witnesses, and avoiding creation of one-sided demeanors (p.20). Los Angeles P.D. utilizes distinguishing proof cards (agendas), in this manner keeping officers from adding predispositions into terrorism scenes or examinations. Utilization of the cards has likewise assessed officers and their responses when researching crime scenes. Despise violations frequently increment after a psychological militant assault. This data could help law requirement offices anticipate the days following a demonstration of fear-based oppression (Deloughery et al., 2012, pp.680-683). Individuals of a minority populace (religious, non-standard ways of life) who trust they have experienced segregation are probably going to submit demonstrations of dread out of disappointment trusting their voices are not heard (Piazza, 2011, p. 350).

Open exchange amongst lion's share and minority gatherings could enhance understanding guarantee minority bunches are spoken to all the more reasonably in the political framework (LaFree and Morris, 2012, p. 713). Talk can likewise help distinguish connects between criminal movement and psychological oppressor dangers (McGarrell et al., 2007, p.152). Monitoring psychological militant assaults and fear monger gathering's particular data is critical to counteractive action. Fear-based oppressor Organization Profile (TOPS) does only this recoveries such data in an incorporated area. Finish monitors fear monger assaults with particular thought processes, for example, religious gatherings. The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) keeps up fundamental data (area, kind of assault, dates, times) (Deloughery et al., 2012, p.672). Using information accumulated by these associations will help profile psychological oppressors, their exercises, and essential targets. It will encourage recognize dangers to U.S. subjects and keep some rough assaults.

(Garland & Simi, 2011, p.500) argues that the short-term strategy to deal; with the terrorist attack lies largely on the court system. It is within the court that a member of a terror group can be held responsible for the action of the group and dealt with according to the law. The organization as a whole is also held responsible for both the criminal and civil wrong of one 9f their members. In this case, the civil court would work well because it will not require massive evidence of the scene. In collaboration with the patriotic act, (Rohlinger, 2009, p.3), Argues that, the civil courts are believed to be more effective in gathering information regarding the violent groups. However, emp0loying this approach would lead to the cause of fear in the community as well as inducing the terrorist actions and thus discrimination against the minority groups. However, it still stands that the law enforcement takes a greater percentage on the process of fighting terrorism by getting direct involvement in the community. A close relationship between the affected community and the law enforcers ensures that the members are not lured into joining the terrorist groups in an attempt to protect themselves.

Importance partnership in combating terrorism

Partners in law enforcement need collaboration and working together in all aspect in order to combat terrorism. DHS with its partners have improved the level of domestic security through detection and prevention of terrorist attacks. This has protected the citizen of America and its important infrastructures. Furthermore, through partnership, important tools and resources have been made available to the citizen. Training and relevant information have been provided increase effectiveness of response when there is an attack by terrorists (Piazza, 2017).

Training has improved capacity building of experts at a local level. Basically, the partnership has improved the level of awareness about terrorists’ attacks. Communication has been enhanced by providing tools which can deliver information very fast. Terrorism has been enhanced by advancement in technology where terrorists are applying sophisticated technology. Development of technology that helps in the counterattack of terrorist has been achieved by pulling efforts together and continuous research. Partnership in law enforcement against terrorism has increased the safety of the public. Prevention, detention mechanism and resources have been used for the protection of the citizens hence improving public safety.

According to homeland security, the private sector owns a greater part of the infrastructure of the security of the nation (Briggs, 2010). Therefore, in order to ensure effective gathering of useful information regarding terrorist attacks in the nation, there is the need for the federal government to collaborate with the private sector to ensure that they maintain critical essential infrastructure security and resilience. The partnership is essential as it develops a conducive environment that is necessary for the sharing of critical threat information, the methods of mitigating as well as other crucial information and resources.

Impacts of terrorism

Domestic terrorism interferes with the trading activities in a nation. Business cost usually rises up and people have fear of investing in areas where there are terrorist attacks. It affects the importation and exportation of goods because the prices usually rise. The economy of the country goes down because business activities are disrupted. Moreover, terrorism leads to the killing of people where many human lives are lost (Brockhoff, Krieger & Meierrieks, 2015). Other people have permanent disabilities as a result of terrorist attacks while others have suffered mental disorders. Enormous property is also destroyed especially economic infrastructure. Nations are investing a lot of resources in prevention and detection of terrorism. The funds used in security against terrorist attacks can be invested in economic development.

According to (Crenshaw, 1983), there are five major impacts of terrorism on the economy as well as the people of a nation. The first impact is the direct destruction of the economy. The direct destructions imply the physical destruction of the business premises as well as the massive killing of the productive populations. The smaller attacks may lead to the destruction of the business premises as well as the plants, machinery, as well as the infrastructure. The reinstatement of the infrastructure would really cost the nation's budget and thus affect the developing countries. On the other hand, the major terror attacks would lead to the loss of billions of the productive people as well as highly valued properties. Therefore, the effect of the terrorism highly felt in the developing countries as opposed to the developed countries.

Secondly, the terror attacks lead to the increased uncertainties in the markets. The terrorist attacks in a country not only affects its citizens but also the people related to the country in one way or another for example when the country is attacked, the business will not flow as usual because most of the countries transacting with the country will not be ready to risk the uncertainties involved. For example, after the Iraq terrorism attack, it too the country months to regain back it financial activities (Chen, 2004). As much as the stock market indexes may not decline after attacks, the terrorist attack affects the investors in the broader picture and not individual incidence. The international investment and cooperation are lower in a world full of terrorism.

According to (Taylor, 2005), some of the commonly affected industries in the event of terrorism are the insurance and the tourism. When the company loses items through terror attacks, it is the responsibility of the insurance company to compensate. However, the degree of the damages caused might be higher than the level earlier projected under the agreement. This is a loss to the insurance industry and thus affecting the economy of the country indirectly Secondly tourism is a high contributor to the gross domestic product of a country and therefore, the occurrence of the tourism leads to the reduced tourists visiting the country and thus losing the source of its income. Therefore this affects the country's economy directly. Eventually, the terrorism affects the international trade which occurs due to the imminent threats, for example, the compromised routes as well as the distribution systems or even the psychological and physical reactions to the events of terror attacks. Therefore, this leads to the reduced foreign direct investment, for the unstable countries.

Governments and universal gatherings have truly experienced difficulty conceding to how to characterize psychological warfare. While a significant number of the signs of psychological warfare, for example, savagery, the aim to spread dread, and focusing of regular citizen populaces, are settled upon, endeavors to make a generally acknowledged meaning of fear mongering have turned out to be testing.

The FBI characterizes fear based oppression as "the unlawful utilization of power and savagery against people or property to threaten or constrain a legislature, the regular citizen populace, or any section thereof, in encouragement of political or social destinations." This varies marginally from the definition utilized by the United Nations, "a nervousness moving technique for rehashed fierce activity, utilized by (semi-) furtive individual, gathering or state performing artists, for peculiar, criminal or political reasons, whereby - as opposed to death - the immediate focuses of viciousness are not the primary targets."

The two definitions, regardless of their disparities, recognize that psychological oppression utilizes brutality as a way to cause fear, that demonstrations of psychological oppression can be coordinated at regular citizen populaces, and that the objectives of fear-based oppressor gatherings can be differed and vague.

For the individuals who live in nations influenced by fear mongering, regular daily existence is shaded by the vulnerability that accompanies not having the capacity to know whether you are protected. Living in a region that is undermined by fear-based oppressor assaults can cause people's concept of what level of individual security is typical or worthy to be modified. They may create mental ways of dealing with stress to manage living with increased dangers of mischief. A few people adapt by figuring out how to just focus on the things that they can control in their day by day lives, as a method for soothing the tension that stems from endeavoring to envision an unforeseen psychological oppressor assault.

In the fallout of psychological militant assault survivors regularly experience the ill effects of post-horrible pressure issue, nervousness, and real sadness. Furthermore, survivors of psychological oppressor assaults are more powerless against substance manhandle issues and psychosomatic manifestations after an assault. Youngsters are particularly helpless against the negative mental impacts of living under danger of a fear monger assault. Kids who have survived a fear monger assault, have relatives who have encountered an assault, or who have essentially observed film of a psychological oppressor assault on TV might be more probable than grown-ups to experience the ill effects of PTSD, nervousness, or misery subsequently.

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