HYDROLOGY (make changes on the lab report)

In these four experiments we measured the density and specific gravity of a liquid using hydrometer. then we measured Liquid density and specific gravity using pycnometer then measure the density and relative density of a irregular solid objects using pycnometer and then measure the viscosity of various liquids at atmospheric temperature and pressure using a falling sphere viscometer. In all these four exercises we plot data in the tables and then calculated our desired specific gravity, density, relative density and viscosity.

Contents Abstract 1 Liquid density and specific gravity using hydrometer 2 Introduction 2 Background/theory 2 Material and methods 3 Equipment 3 Procedure 3 Results 3 Table.1 3 Liquid density and specific gravity using pycnometer 4 Theory/ background 4 Material and methods 4 Equipment 4 Procedure 4 Results 4 Table.2 4 To measure the density and relative density of a irregular solid objects using pycnometer 5 Theory/objectives 5 Material and methods 5 Equipment 5 Procedure 5 Result table 6 Table.3 6 to measure the viscosity of various liquids at atmospheric temperature and pressure using a falling sphere viscometer 6 theory/background 6 Material and methods 6 Equipment 6 Procedure 7 Results 7 Table.4 7 Liquid density and specific gravity using hydrometer 7 Liquid density and specific gravity using pycnometer 7 To measure the density and relative density of an irregular solid objects using pycnometer 7 to measure the viscosity of various liquids at atmospheric temperature and pressure using a falling sphere viscometer 7 conclusion 7

In this experiment i determined the density of various liquids by measuring the relative density using a universal hydro meter. Hydrometer is a device that measures the density of varous liquids and then we compare it with relative density of different liquids. Hydrometer measures the relative density of the various liquids based on the concept of buoyancy.

The principle of the common hydrometer depends upon the fact that when a body floats on liquid the gravitational force on the mass of the volume of the liquid displaced is equal to the gravitational force on the mass of the body. That is it depends upon the Archimedes principle. The scale is calibrated to indicate the specific gravity therefor when floats in water the hydrometer will sink on the scale aligns with the surface of the water in the hydrometer jar.

· F1-30 fluid properties apparatus

· Universal hydrometer

· Hydrometer jars

· Thermometer

· Suitable liquids for testing

· Water

· Pure vegetable oil

· In this exercise I determined the specific gravity of vegetable oil and olive oil using hydrometer

· Firstly I tested water in universal hydrometer where I know that the water has the specific gravity of one so that Is what I’m going to evaluate that is our hydrometer is calibrated or not

· Then I took thermometer and recorded the temperature of water then I inserted hydrometer in it gently and try to keep it in the middle of graduated cylinder

· I calibrated hydrometer when I got 1 on the hydrometer

· Then I dried carefully hydrometer so I know that it is a reference point

· So we will repeat the same process for vegetable oil and olive oil. First checked the temperature of the liquids using thermometer the I checked they value on hydrometer.

· So I get that the specific gravity of water is 1, for vegetable oil 0.92 and for olive oil its value is0.935 at 20 degree Celsius

The pycnometer is used to measure the density and relative density of various liquids by measuring the weight of density bottle filled with the bottle to be tested than calculating the density from the known volume and increasing weight. And density is defined as the ration of the mass of the body to its volume. Therefore, if the known volume of the liquid is weighed. The density of the liquid is determined from the equation. The glass pycnometer is calibrated so that when filled with liquid and stopper is fully inserted excess liquid is expelled via the hole in the stopper.

· F1-30 fluid properties apparatus

· 50ml GAY- LUSSAC pycnometer

· Liquid for testing

· First of all, we will find the wight of all the three picometres which we are going to use for vegetable oil olive oil and water

· Then fill the pycnometer with water. Once we are filled out pycnometer with water we are going to weight and it is very important to water get out of the pycnometer so we have fifty milli liter of the water in it

· Now we are going to weight it so the same procedure we have to do for vegetable oil and for olive oil

To measure the density and relative density of small irregular solid objects or granular material using a pycnometer. By inserting solid objects or granular material of known weight in the pycnometer and measuring the change in weight of the change in pycnometer with out water then with water the change in the water is used to find the volume of the solid irregular objects.

· F1-30 fluid properties apparatus

· 50ml GAY- LUSSAC pycnometer

· Lever operated balance

· Water is recommended for exercise

· Accurate laboratory balance

· First of all we will measure the wight of empty container then we will take irregular shaped solid object in the container and then we will weight it

· Then I weight the mass of pycnometer when it is in dry form then we will fill it with water and again weight

· Then we will subtract the values as the volume of pycnometer s50ml then we will add our all the steel balls into pycnometer be careful and don’t lose any ball

· When all the balls are in pycnometer then dry it and also took weight put all the values in the result table

the main objective of the falling sphere viscometer is to measure the viscosity of various liquids at atmospheric pressure and temperature by timing the fall of different size spheres through a given depth of the liquid to be tested then calculating the velocity from the mean velocity when the ball moves downward freely in a liquid it comes down by gravitational force and the falling speed is lowered by the resistance created by liquid.

· Standard sphere viscometer

· Steel balls

· Weighing balance

· Liquids to be tested

· Our experimental ball will be three steel balls which we will fall in the meter liquid and we will measure the values between two reference points and the we will take means

· Then we will repeat the process for vegetable oil again we will take three balls and drop it in the meter and measure the values between tow reference points here we can see that the falling speed of ball will be decreased

· Same process for olive oil

In these four experiments we find the viscosity of different fluids like water, vegetable oil and olive oil by different equipment’s like hydrometer, pycnometer and viscometer so after all we come to know that all the liquids have different viscosities and they have slightly difference in between these values. We also observed that we used hydrometer and pycnometer for same purposes to find the liquid density and specific gravity of different three fluids but the results of these two equipment’s was different. We also measured the density and relative density of an irregular solid object using pycnometer and we measured the viscosity of various liquids at atmospheric temperature and pressure using falling head sphere viscometer and we compare results with standards.