for Eng.Kelvin History assignment 2

1

Lin Tse-Hsu (1839 CE) Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria

[Kishlansky’s Introduction] Lin Tse-Hsu (1785-1850) was the Chinese Commissioner in Canton whose actions precipitated the Opium Wars (1839- 1842). Although opium had been used in China for centuries, it was not until the opening of the tea trade to Dutch and British merchants that China was able to import large quantities of the drug. By the early nineteenth century, opium was the principal product that the English East India Company traded in China and opium addiction was becoming a widespread social problem. When the emperor's own son died of an overdose, he decided to put an end to the trade. Lin Tse-Hsu was sent to Canton, the chief trading port of the East India Company, with instructions to negotiate an end to the importation of opium into China. The English merchants were uncooperative, so he seized their stores of opium. This led to immediate military action. The Chinese were decisively defeated and had to cede to a humiliating treaty that legalized the opium trade. As a result, commissioner Lin was dismissed from office and sent into exile. Lin Tse-Hsu's "Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria" was written before the outbreak of the Opium Wars. It was a remarkably frank document, especially given the usual highly stylized language of Chinese diplomacy.

A communication: Magnificently our great Emperor soothes and pacifies China and the foreign

countries, regarding all with the same kindness. If there is profit, then he shares it with the

peoples of the world; if there is harm, then he removes it on behalf of the world. This is because

he takes the mind of heaven and earth as his mind.

The rulers of your honorable country by a tradition handed down from generation to generation

have always been noted for their politeness and submissiveness. Privately we are delighted with

the way in which the honorable rulers of your country deeply understand the grand principles

and are grateful for the Celestial Grace bestowed on them by our emperor. For this reason, the

Celestial Court has redoubled its polite and kind treatment of your countrymen. The profit from

trade has been enjoyed by them continuously for two hundred years. This is the source from

which your country has become known for its wealth.

But after a long period of commercial intercourse, there appear among the crowd of barbarians

both good persons and bad, unevenly. Consequently there are those who smuggle opium to

seduce the Chinese people and so cause the spread of the poison to all provinces. Such persons

who only care to profit themselves, and disregard their harm to others, are not tolerated by the

laws of heaven and are unanimously hated by the good human beings. His Majesty the Emperor,

upon hearing of this, is in a towering rage. He has especially sent me, his commissioner, to come

to Kwangtung [Canton], and together with the governor-general investigate and settle this matter.

All those people in China who sell opium or smoke opium should receive the death penalty. We

trace the crime of those barbarians who through the years have been selling opium, then the deep

harm they have wrought and the great profit they have usurped should fundamentally justify their

execution according to law. We take into to consideration, however, the fact that some

barbarians have repented of their crimes and returned to their allegiance to us after seizing

2

20,183 chests of opium from their stores. The opium has been entirely destroyed and this has

been faithfully reported to the Throne in several memorials by this commissioner and his

colleagues.

Fortunately, we have received a specially extended favor from His Majesty the Emperor, who

considers that for those who voluntarily surrender there are still some circumstances to palliate

their crime, and so for the time being he has magnanimously excused them from punishment.

But as for those who again violate the opium prohibition, it is difficult for the law to pardon them

repeatedly. Having established new regulations, we presume that the ruler of your honorable

country, who takes delight in our culture and whose disposition is inclined towards us, must be

able to instruct the various barbarians to observe the law with care. It is only necessary to explain

to them the advantages and disadvantages, and then they will know that the legal code of the

Celestial Court must be absolutely obeyed with awe.

We find your country is sixty or seventy thousand li [three li make one mile, ordinarily] from

China, yet there are barbarian ships that strive to come here for trade for the purpose of making a

great profit. The wealth of China is used to profit the barbarians. That is to say, the great profit

made by barbarians is all taken from the rightful share of China. By what right do they then in

return use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people? Even though the barbarians may not

necessarily intend to do us harm, yet in coveting profit to an extreme, they have no regard for

injuring others. Let us ask, where is your conscience? I have heard that the smoking of opium is

very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly

understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you

let it be passed on to the harm of other countries -- how much less to China!

Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial to

people: they are of benefit when eaten, or of benefit when used, or of benefit when resold: all are

beneficial. Is there a single article from China which has done any harm to foreign countries?

Take tea and rhubarb, for example; the foreign countries cannot get along for a single day

without them. If China cuts off these benefits with no sympathy for those who are to suffer, then

what can the barbarians rely upon to keep themselves alive? Moreover the woolens, camlets, and

longells [various textiles] of foreign countries cannot be woven unless they obtain Chinese silk.

If China, again, cuts off this beneficial export, what profit can the barbarians expect to make? As

for other foodstuffs, beginning with candy, ginger, cinnamon, and so forth, and articles for use,

beginning with silk, satin, chinaware, and so on, all the things that must be had by foreign

countries are innumerable.

On the other hand, articles coming from the outside to China can only be used as toys. We can

take them or get along without them. Since they are not needed by China, what difficulty would

there be if we closed our frontier and stopped the trade? Nevertheless, our Celestial Court lets

tea, silk, and other goods be shipped without limit and circulated everywhere without begrudging

it in the slightest. This is for no other reason but to share the benefit with the people of the whole

world. The goods from China carried away by your country not only supply your own

consumption and use, but also can be divided up and sold to other countries, producing a triple

profit. Even if you do not sell opium, you still have this threefold profit. How can you bear to go

further, selling products injurious to others in order to fulfill your insatiable desire?

3

Suppose there were people from another country who carried opium for sale to England and

seduced your people into buying and smoking it; certainly your honorable ruler would deeply

hate it and be bitterly aroused. We have heard heretofore that your honorable ruler is kind and

benevolent. Naturally you would not wish to give unto others what you yourself do not want. We

have also heard that the ships coming to Canton have all had regulations promulgated and given

to them in which it is stated that it is not permitted to carry contraband goods. This indicates that

the administrative orders of your honorable rule have been originally strict and clear. Only

because the trading ships are numerous, heretofore perhaps they have not been examined with

care. Now after this communication has been dispatched and you have clearly understood the

strictness of the prohibitory laws of the Celestial Court, certainly you will not let your subjects

dare again to violate the law.

We have further learned that in London, the capital of your honorable rule, and in Scotland,

Ireland, and other places, originally no opium has been produced. Only in several places of India

under your control such as Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Patna, Benares, and Malwa has opium

been planted from hill to hill, and ponds have been opened for its manufacture. For months and

years work is continued in order to accumulate the poison. The obnoxious odor ascends,

irritating heaven and frightening the spirits. Indeed you, O King, can eradicate the opium plant in

these places, hoe over the fields entirely, and sow in its stead the five grains [millet, barley,

wheat, etc.]. Anyone who dares again attempt to plant and manufacture opium should be

severely punished. This will really be a great, benevolent government policy that will increase

the common weal and get rid of evil. For this, Heaven must support you and the spirits must

bring you good fortune, prolonging your old age and extending your descendants. All will

depend on this act.

As for the barbarian merchants who come to China, their food and drink and habitation, all

received by the gracious favor of our Celestial Court. Their accumulated wealth is all benefit

given with pleasure by our Celestial Court. They spend rather few days in their own country but

more time in Canton. To digest clearly the legal penalties as an aid to instruction has been a valid

principle in all ages. Suppose a man of another country comes to England to trade, he still has to

obey the English laws; how much more should he obey in China the laws of the Celestial

Dynasty?

Now we have set up regulations governing the Chinese people. He who sells opium shall receive

the death penalty and he who smokes it also the death penalty. Now consider this: if the

barbarians do not bring opium, then how can the Chinese people resell it, and how can they

smoke it? The fact is that the wicked barbariians beguile the Ghinese people into a death trap.

How then can we grant life only to these barbarians? He who takes the life of even one person

still has to atone for it with his own life; yet is the harm done by opium limited to the taking of

one life only? Therefore in the new regulations, in regard to those barbarians who bring opium to

China, the penalty is fixed at decapitation or strangulation. This is what is called getting rid a

harmful thing on behalf of mankind.

Moreover we have found that in the middle of the second month of this year [April 9] Consul

[Superintendent] Elliot of your nation, because the opium prohibition law was very stern and

severe, petitioned for an extension of the time limit. He requested an extension of five months for

4

India and its adjacent harbours and related territories, and ten months for England proper, after

which they would act in conformity with the new regulations. Now we, the commissioner and

others, have received the extraordinary Celestial Grace of His Majesty the Emperor, who has

redoubled his consideration and compassion. All those who from the period of the coming one

year (from England) or six months (from India) bring opium to China by mistake, but who

voluntarily confess and completely surrender their opium, shall be exempt from their

punishment. After this limit of time, if there are still those who bring opium to China then they

will plainly have committed a willful violation and shall at once be executed according to law,

with absolutely no clemency or pardon. This may be called the height of kindness and the

perfection of justice.

Our Celestial Dynasty rules over and supervises the myriad states, and surely possesses

unfathomable spiritual dignity. Yet the Emperor cannot execute people without having first tried

to reform them by instruction. Therefore he especially promulgates these fixed regulations. The

barbarian merchants of your country, if they wish to do business for a prolonged period, are

required to obey our statues respectfully and to cut off permanently the source of opium. They

must by no means try to test the effectiveness of the law with their lives. May you, O King,

check and sift your wicked people before they come to China, in order to guarantee the peace of

your nation, to show further the sincerity of your politeness and submissiveness, and to let the

two countries enjoy together the blessings of peace. How fortunate, how fortunate indeed! After

receiving this dispatch will you immediately give us a prompt reply regarding the details and

circumstances of your cutting off the opium traffic. Be sure not to put this off. The above is what

has to be communicated.

Questions 1. Why did Lin Tse-Hsu write this letter to Queen Victoria? 2. Why is he worried about the sale of opium in China? 3. What connection does he think Queen Victoria has to the opium trade? Do you think he is right? 4. What does this document tell us about the relations between China and the West in the nineteenth century? http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/com-lin.html