Clinical Psycho Q

PSYCHOTHERAPIES I

A MODERN HEALTH PROFESSION

by

Wolfgang Linden and Paul L. Hewitt

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Psychoanalysis

• Psychodynamic—the models of normal and maladaptive behavior and the models of treatment
• Psychoanalysis—a broad and comprehensive psychodynamic theoretical perspective developed by Sigmund Freud

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Psychoanalysis (cont’d)

• Psychoanalytic psychotherapies—were developed by theorists who revised and refined Freud’s ideas
• They are also called psychodynamic psychotherapies or dynamic psychotherapies.

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Psychoanalysis (cont'd)

• Short-term dynamic psychotherapies are brief and focus on a specific component of behavior.

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Primary Assumptions and Principles of Psychoanalytic Treatment

• Psychopathology comes from a part of someone’s personality and character.
• There is an importance to someone’s childhood and early childhood relationships.

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Primary Assumptions and Principles of Psychoanalytic Treatment (cont’d)

• People are not aware of much of their behavior or the forces that direct that behavior.
• Emotion plays an important role in psychoanalytic theories and treatments.

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Primary Assumptions and Principles of Psychoanalytic Treatment (cont’d)

• An integral part of psychoanalytic treatment is the development of patterns or styles of relating to others and to the self.

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Phases of Classical Psychoanalysis

• The opening phase—when the psychologist learns as much as possible about a patient’s problems and history
• The development of transference phase—when the patient begins to realize that behavior is tied to unconscious material from the past, particularly childhood

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Phases of Classical Psychoanalysis (cont’d)

• The Working Through Phase—the process of deepening insight by recalling and interpreting early relationships and development
• The Resolution of Transference Phase—the process of terminating treatment

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Invention of Psychotherapy

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Ego Psychology

• Ego psychology focuses on how the ego functions in both adaptive and maladaptive ways.
• There is an emphasis on
• interaction patterns with others
• developmental stages of the patient in childhood and adulthood
• how unconscious and conscious factors influence behavior

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Ego Psychology (cont'd)

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Ego Psychology (cont'd)

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Ego Psychology (cont'd)

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Object Relations Theory

• Object relations theory states that, in order to understand an individual, you must understand the interpersonal relationships and early interactions that influenced the development of self and personality.

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Object Relations Theory (cont’d)

• Treatment includes demonstrating how patients’ relationship styles or relational schemas are problematic.

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Self Psychology Theory

• Self psychology theory focuses on narcissism and how concern for self precedes caring for others.
• The development of narcissism is a normal part of development.
• The theory was developed by Heinz Kohut.

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Goals of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy

• Establishing a strong therapeutic relationship that will provide the basis for therapeutic interventions.
• Bringing change to the overall personality and character structure.
• Aiding in bringing unconscious conflicts, patterns, defenses, and emotions to conscious awareness.

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Goals of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy

• Bolstering or strengthening supports, shoring up defenses and coping styles, and reducing current distress and conflict.

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Psychoanalytic Treatment

• The focuses of psychoanalytic treatment are
• observation
• interpretation
• confirmation
• transference
• resistance

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Person-Centered Therapy

• Empathy—an attempt of a therapist to understand the patient’s experiences, feelings, or thoughts
• Unconditional positive regard—the idea that the therapist should accept the patient without judgments
• Genuineness—responding to a patient with real feelings, not a mask of professionalism

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Systems Therapies

• Systems theory—the idea that all systems have common patterns, behaviors, and properties that can be studied
• In order to understand behavior, these systems must be understood