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LifespanDevOnlineEarlyAdulthoodFall2022.ppt
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Early-Mid Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development

Chapter 10

Questions? Ask! 

Role Transitions Marking Adulthood

  • Role transitions
  • You assume new responsibilities and duties
  • E.g., graduation, marriage, becoming a parent

  • Ages vary; Historical variations are common

  • Life changes = stress (good or bad?)
  • What happens when you have multiple role transitions at once? It’s tough– even if they are all good things. We still need to adapt.

Psychological Views: Moving into Adulthood

  • Adulthood = more self-control, less reckless behavior

  • Erikson’s psychosocial theory (eight stages of man):
  • importance of developing independence and the capacity for intimacy

  • Intimacy vs. isolation- the search for close relationships, usually one close, intimate relationship that culminates in marriage

Issues in young adulthood

  • Lifestyle Factors:

Smoking

  • leading contributor to health problems
  • 1st hand, 2nd, 3rd??

Alcohol

-Occasional drinking = good or bad?

-Binge drinking = good or bad?

  • indirect vs. direct effects
  • What happens to binge drinkers as they get into adulthood?

Types and frequency of troublesome behaviors following binge drinking. Note that all binge drinkers report more problems than non-binge drinkers.

Social, Gender, and Ethnic Issues in Health

  • Social Factors
  • Poverty = less likely to obtain adequate health care
  • Reasons?
  • People with better income as a result of education:
  • Less likely to be ill or die from chronic illness
  • Why?
  • Gender
  • Women live longer; fewer risky behaviors (young), use health services, cells may age slower than males

How Should We View Intelligence in Adults?

  • Multidimensional
  • Which dimensions debate (e.g., Garder)

  • Multidirectional
  • aspects improve while others decline during adulthood

  • Individual variability

  • Plasticity = ability to modify (and thus learn!), ‘heal’

What Happens to Intelligence in Adulthood?

  • Primary mental abilities include:

  • Number = basic math
  • Word fluency = ease of descriptions
  • Verbal meaning = vocab
  • Inductive reasoning = facts  concepts (broader understanding)
  • Spatial orientation

  • Decline mostly not until 60 years old and more so as aging continues

Secondary Mental Abilities

  • Fluid intelligence = ability to be a flexible thinker
  • puzzles, mazes, relations among shapes
  • Declines through adulthood

  • Crystallized intelligence = knowledge acquired by life experience
  • historical facts, definitions, sports trivia.
  • Improves through adulthood

Going Beyond Formal Operations

  • Thinking in Adulthood: Piaget
  • adolescents and adults = formal operations stage

  • Postformal thought? Recognize that:
  • solutions must be realistic and that things are often not clear-cut
  • emotion integrated with logic in decision-making
  • individuals’ experiences differ and will therefore result in different ways of thinking about things

The Role of Stereotypes in Thinking

  • Stereotypes

-- stereotypes affect how we interpret new information (perception, thinking)

  • Implicit stereotypes

-- beliefs that we may not be aware of, but may affect our behavior

Implicit Social Beliefs

  • What does “implicit” refer to?
  • How can we measure implicit beliefs?
  • IAT

  • Check out Harvard’s website and take an “implicit associations test” of your choice to help you understand this concept and for fun! 
  • https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/

Possible Selves

  • Young adults:
  • possible selves = what we could become, would like to become, and are afraid of becoming
  • What are YOUR possible selves?

  • In later life:
  • fewer possible selves
  • health as a feared self as adults age

Self-Concept

  • What is it?

  • Does not appear to be modified by age beyond young adulthood

  • Influences how people interpret experiences
  • which, in turn, further shapes and defines their sense of identity

Personal Control Beliefs

  • Perceived control = ?
  • YOUR own idea of how much control you feel that you have in your own life, choices, based on biology and experiences
  • we often have more control than we think
  • we can change our thinking to improve this
  • differs from one area to another
  • Changes over the course of development not clear

  • What is the importance of personal (perceived) control?
  • beliefs seem to have a BIG influence on behavior and thinking
  • Higher perceived control, better health