Life-span Development assignment

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Social-Emotional Development in Early Childhood

Chapter 5

© 2022. Angela G. Bagne. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

© 2022. Angela G. Bagne. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Erikson’s Stages of Early Psychosocial Development: Attached handout

  • Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
  • dependent on caregivers to meet needs and provide comfort
  • responsiveness and consistency… helps to develop a basic sense of trust and openness in the child
  • If these needs are not met, the child develops wariness and a lack of comfort

Erikson’s Stages (Cont)

  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
  • develop a sense of control over own actions; independence
  • If not achieved, shameful and doubt own capabilities

Erikson’s Stages (Cont)

  • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)
  • develop imagination for possibilities for themselves
  • play becomes purposeful and includes playing roles (e.g., dad)
  • work ethic for future academic/life

The Growth of Attachment

  • Security, need for physical closeness… attachment

John Bowlby… survival

E.g., mom

attachment = strong emotional bond

Attachment

  • Harry Harlow studies?

Father-Infant Relationships

  • Comfort: Mom… then often dad

  • Dads: more time playing

  • Dads: play differently
  • Playmate vs. comforter

The Father’s Role

  • Why is the mother typically the primary caregiver??

The Father’s Role

  • Why is the mother typically the primary caregiver??
  • Evolution/species survival (females ovulate about 450 eggs TOTAL and devote much time to child bearing. Thus, females need to protect their chances at continuing their genetics by investing in protecting their young)
  • Biology (ability to carry the child and bonding; differing hormones-- nurturing)
  • Society norms and expectations

Forms of Attachment

  • The “Strange Situation” Mary Ainsworth
  • Mother leaves child in room… returns… child reaction is observed

  • Insecure vs. Secure attachment

The Four Reactions to the Strange Situation

  • Secure Attachment: comforted, crying stops, and the child begins to explore again

Insecure attachments:

  • Avoidant Attachment: ignores or turns away
  • Resistant Attachment: upset and remains upset, difficult to console
  • Disorganized Attachment: seems confused and is unsure of reaction

Consequences of Secure Attachment

  • More
  • confident and successful with peers
  • Fewer
  • conflicts with friendships with peers
  • Children use early attachments as prototypes for later relationships and interactions

Experiencing and expressing emotions

  • Newborns = pleasure and distress
  • joy, anger, fear = basic emotions
  • Universal, so found the same across cultures worldwide.

Development of Basic Emotions

  • 2-3 mo: smiling in response to human faces = social smiles (although research is proving this is often even earlier)
  • 6 mo: stranger wariness (anxiety) begins
  • Peaks at about 13 months… and slowly declines
  • Huge difference in one child to another, largely due to inborn bio, partly due to experiences

Emergence of Complex Emotions

  • 18-24 mo: complex emotions emerge
  • E.g.,

Guilt

Embarrassment

Pride

Recognizing & Using Others’ Emotions

  • 4-6 mo: distinguish facial expression and the emotions they portray
  • Social referencing

  • A positive and rewarding relationship with parents/siblings improves understanding of emotions!

Regulating Emotions

  • By 4-6 mo: begin to regulate emotions

  • Older children
  • less and less dependent upon others to control emotions
  • more able to use mental strategies to regulate emotions
  • adapt the method to the situation

The joys of play

  • 12 mo: engaging in parallel play

  • 15-18 mo: do similar activities and smile at each other in simple social play

  • By 2 yrs: engage in cooperative play

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Make-believe

  • Play roles reflect values and traditions
  • Is entertaining and promotes cognitive
  • Explore scary topics
  • Imaginary friend = promotes imagination and sociability (and cognitive)
  • Play Therapy: Assessment and diagnosis; therapy

Parental influence

  • engage in play/pretend play with child
  • play mediator in settling disputes
  • play a coaching role in diffusing aggression and competition

  • Children whose parents engage in these activities are often more socially skillful

Learning to Cooperate

  • Age

  • Observe peers cooperating = more likely to imitate them

  • Peers are responsive to attempts to cooperate = more likely to cooperate

Helping others

  • Prosocial behavior = behavior that benefits others
  • Altruism
  • 18 mo: engage in altruistic behaviors, such as comforting or hugging peers in pain
  • Mood, confidence, skills

Altruism continued

  • Parents foster altruism by:
  • Modeling
  • Disciplinary practices that include reasoning, warmth, and feedback
  • Providing opportunities to act prosocially

Gender: Aggression

Physical (more for boys)

Relational (within relationships, e.g., “If you don’t play my game I will tell Sara not to like you!” Girls do this– boys do not (unless they have learned it from a girl!)

Gender

  • Girls: language, cooperation/social

  • Boys: Visio-Spatial/Math, rough play

  • Environment: Different expectations/treatment?

Gender Identity

  • By 2-3 yrs:
  • identify self as boy or girl
  • Generally prefer same-sex playmates

  • 3-4 yrs: mostly understand that gender is stable