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LifespanDevAdolescenceCognitiveGrowthandPsychologicalFall2022.ppt
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Adolescence: Cognitive and Psychological Issues (chapter 8)

To think about during this section: How is adolescent thinking the same as adults? Different? Why? 

© 2022. Angela G. Bagne. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

© 2022. Angela G. Bagne. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Rate of Maturation

  • Rate of maturation
  • may have significant consequences for adolescents
  • Early maturation
  • benefits boys
  • not girls: more negative feelings about their physical development

Moodiness

  • Increase in hormone levels
  • greater irritability and impulsivity
  • no correlation to moodiness
  • Moodiness
  • associated with activities

For most adolescents, mood shifts many times daily reflecting the many different activities and settings that adolescents experience daily.

Psychological Impact of Puberty

  • Body Image
  • Very attentive to physical changes

Changes rapid and dramatic (think of female changes– hips widen, fat is distributed to prepare for childbearing… now think of how society/media pushes that thin is beautiful… yikes.)

  • Girls

More critical of their appearance

More likely to be dissatisfied

Weight

  • Most U.S. teens
  • sufficient calories but not balanced, nutritional meals
  • U.S. 1 of every 7 children is overweight

  • The media loves talking about the obese… but what about eating disorders??

Anorexia
and Bulimia

  • Anorexia
  • fear weight gain (sig. underweight)
  • distorted body image
  • Binge Eating Disorder
  • High food intake/bingeing, no purging
  • Bulimia
  • Bingeing = ….. and purging
  • 30 x week?

**Mortality is the highest of any psychological disorder– about ½ due to suicide and ½ due to physical damage (e.g., heart stops)

Threats to Adolescent Well-Being

  • 1 of 1000 U.S. adolescents dies per year *auto accidents, firearms
  • Accidental deaths- higher risk behaviors
  • Adolescents and adults reason-out risk similarly BUT
  • Adolescents may give greater weight to the social consequences of choices
  • Adolescents brains are not finished developing, including the frontal lobes and amygdala

How Does Information Processing Improve in Adolescence?

  • Rapidly changing transition from childhood cognition to young adulthood
  • Changes take place in specific areas of cognitive development…

Working Memory and Processing Speed

  • Speed of cognitive processing and memory capacity
  • adult levels now
  • Adolescents process information very efficiently

Content Knowledge

  • During adolescence
  • become as knowledgeable as adults in some areas

-enhances performance

-assists them in understanding and learning in new areas

Strategies and Metacognitive Skill

  • more skilled
  • at recognizing and developing strategies for specific tasks
  • and monitoring the strategy for their effectiveness

Limits on Information Processing

  • Ability increases BUT may not use these abilities effectively!
  • Choices may play a role in effective processing
  • Less mature cognitive processing may be used because it is easier and the brain has not finished developing yet

Morality

  • Kohlberg

Kohlberg’s Theory

  • Moral reasoning occurs in stages:
  • Preconventional Level: Moral reasoning is based on external forces

1. Obedience orientation- authority figures know what is right and wrong

2. Instrumental orientation- looking out for their own needs

Kohlberg’s Stages

  • Conventional Level: Look to society’s norms for moral guidance

2. Interpersonal norms stage- aim of winning the approval of others

3. Social system morality stage- social roles, expectations and laws are for the good of all people

Kohlberg’s Stages

  • Postconventional Level: Morals are based on a personal moral code

5. Social contract stage- laws and expectations are good as long as they benefit all group members

6. Universal ethical principles stage- choose ethical principles such as justice, compassion, and equality

Now another theory, or way to explain our moral development…

  • Eisenberg’s theory… Look for how this theory overlaps with Kohlberg’s… Which theory do you think explains moral development better?

Eisenberg’s Levels of Prosocial Reasoning: Self-Interest vs Helping Others… Each stage is in order, and our decisions on how to act are based on the following

  • Hedonistic orientation: based on self-interest and pleasure (early childhood)
  • Needs-orientated: Concerned about others’ needs and want to help (early childhood-middle childhood)
  • Approval-focused: Act as society expects people to behave (middle childhood-adolescence)
  • Empathic orientation: Consider others’ perspective and how actions will make them feel (adolescence and adulthood)

Promoting Moral Reasoning: What can you do to help your children and/or those around you to be NICER??

  • Children advance through contact with those at higher stages
  • Exposure (see mom helping person who falls at grocery store)
  • Discussion (explanations, primarily parental, as to why we do and don’t act in certain ways)