Ch-9 reflection
Kruti
Lifespanchapter9.pdf
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Because learning changes everything. ®
ESSENTIALS OF
LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT 6e
John W. Santrock
© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Chapter 09
Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Chapter Outline
• The nature of adolescence
• Physical changes
• Issues in adolescent health
• Adolescent cognition
• Schools
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The Nature of Adolescence 1
Adolescents face
• Biological changes
• New experiences
• New developmental tasks
Influences on the adolescent
• Ethnic
• Cultural
• Gender
• Socioeconomic
• Age
• Lifestyle differences
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The Nature of Adolescence 2
Youth benefit when they have caring adults in their lives in addition to parents or guardians
• Role models, confidants, advocates, and resources
• Coaches
• Neighbors
• Teachers
• Mentors
• After-school leaders
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Physical Changes 1
• Puberty
• The brain
• Adolescent sexuality
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Physical Changes 2
Puberty: period of rapid physical maturation, occurring primarily in early adolescence, that involves hormonal and bodily changes
• Sexual maturation, height, and weight
• Marked weight and height gains
• Facial and chest hair growth in males
• Pubic hair growth
• Breast growth in females
• Menarche: girl’s first menstruation
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Physical Changes 3
Hormonal changes
• Hormones: chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream
• Increases in testosterone and estradiol
Timing and variations in puberty
• Average age of menarche has declined significantly since mid-19th century.
• Improved nutrition and health
• Pubertal sequence begins
• Boys: 10 to 13 1/2 years
• Girls: Between ages of 9 and 15 years
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Physical Changes 4
Body image
• Preoccupation with body image is strong throughout adolescence.
• Girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images.
• One study found both boys’ and girls’ body images became more positive as they moved from the beginning to end of adolescence.
Early and late maturation
• Boys
• Early-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations.
• Late-maturing boys report a stronger sense of identity in their 30s.
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Physical Changes 5
Girls
• Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but less satisfaction later.
• More likely to smoke, drink, be depressed, have fear disorders
• Have an eating disorder
• Struggle for earlier independence
• Have older friends
• Have sexual intercourse earlier
• Are more at risk for physical and verbal abuse in dating
• Less likely to graduate from high school, may cohabit and marry earlier
• Physical maturity does not equal cognitive maturity, and girls may get involved with problem behaviors with long-term negative effects.
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Pubertal Growth Spurt
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Age at Menarche in Northern European Countries and the U.S. in the 19th and 20th
Centuries
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Early-and Late-Maturing Adolescent Girls’ Perceptions of Body Image in Early and Late
Adolescence
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Changes in the Adolescent Brain
Access the text alternative for slide images.
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Changes in the Brain
Corpus callosum: the location where fibers connect the brain’s left and right hemispheres
Limbic system: the part of the brain where emotions and rewards are processed
Amygdala: the region of the brain that is the seat of emotions
Prefrontal cortex
• The highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control.
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Adolescent Sexuality 1
Adolescence is a time of sexual exploration and experimentation.
• Deep curiosity
• Concerned with their sexual attractiveness
• May experience vulnerability and confusion
• Sexual culture is widely available
• Television, videos, magazines, music, internet, sexting
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Adolescent Sexuality 2
Developing a sexual identity
• Learning to manage sexual feelings
• Developing new forms of intimacy
• Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior
Sexual identity includes
• Activities and interests
• Styles of behavior
• Indications of sexual orientation
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Adolescent Sexuality 3
Gay males and lesbians experience early same-sex attractions.
• Some experience same-sex attraction after adolescence.
• Majority of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents have successful developmental paths.
Timing of Adolescent Sexual Behaviors
• In a U.S national survey conducted in 2015
• 58% of 12th versus 24% of 9th graders have engaged in sexual intercourse
• By age 20, 77% have engaged in sexual intercourse
• 46% of 12th, 33.5% of 11th, 25.5% of 10th, and 16% of 9th grades were currently sexually active
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Adolescent Sexuality 4
Sexual initiation varies by ethnic group.
Oral sex rate reported among adolescents
• 51% 15- to 19-year-old boys
• 47% of 15- to 19-year-old girls
Risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior
• Drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems
• Socioeconomic status
• Family/parenting & peers
Intercourse before age 13 for heterosexual and homosexual adolescents is associated with
• Sexual risk taking, substance use, violent victimization, and suicidal thoughts/attempts
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Adolescent Sexuality 5
Lowering risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior
• Family connectedness
• Parent-adolescent communication about sexuality
• Parental monitoring
• Partner connectedness
Contraceptive use
• Adolescents do not consistently use or use contraceptives at all.
• Some organizations suggest long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) for adolescents.
• U.S. teens are less likely to use contraceptives than European counterparts.
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Adolescent Sexuality 6
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) contracted primarily through sexual contact
• Including oral-genital and anal-genital contact
• Over 3 million American adolescents acquire an STI.
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Adolescent Sexuality 7
Adolescent Pregnancy
• U.S. has one of the highest teen pregnancy and birth rates in the industrialized world.
• Creates health risks for baby and mother
• Results in low birth weight, neurological problems, childhood illness
• Most mothers drop out of school and never catch up economically.
• Adolescent mothers often have depression and second child, but education and LARC helps reduce rates of both.
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Sexual Activity of U.S. Adolescents from 1991 to 2015
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Birth Rates for U.S. 15- to 19-year-old Girls from 1980 to 2013
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Issues in Adolescent Health 1
• Adolescent health
• Substance use and abuse
• Eating disorders
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Issues in Adolescent Health 2
Adolescent health
• Behaviors linked to both good and poor health habits in adulthood begin during adolescence
• Nutrition and exercise
• 21% of 12 to 19-year-olds are overweight
• Decreased intake of fruits and vegetables and less exercise
• Higher rate of sedentary activity, for example, screen time
• Parents and friends can positively influence exercise and nutrition habits.
• More exercise linked to better cognitive functioning
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Issues in Adolescent Health 3
Sleep patterns
• Only 27% of U.S. adolescents sleep 8 or more hours a night
• Inconsistent sleep patterns associated with
• Inattention
• Emotional and peer-related problems
• Higher anxiety and levels of suicidal ideation
Leading causes of death in adolescence
• Unintentional injuries, majority car accidents, DUI
• Homicide
• Suicide
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Issues in Adolescent Health 4
Substance use and abuse
• United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use.
• Adolescent illicit drug, alcohol, and cigarette use declined in recent years.
• Parents, peers, and education in prevention
©Daniel Allan/Getty Images
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Issues in Adolescent Health 5
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Issues in Adolescent Health 6
Eating disorders
• Anorexia nervosa: relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
• Theory: linked to pressure from images in media and social media
• Main characteristics
• Weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for a person’s age and height
• Intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss
• Having distorted image of their body shape
• Amenorrhea
• 10 x more likely in females than males
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Issues in Adolescent Health 7
Bulimia nervosa: individual consistently follows binge-and-purge pattern
• Most bulimics
• Are preoccupied with food
• Have an intense fear of becoming overweight
• Are depressed or anxious
• Have a distorted body image
• Typically fall within a normal weight range
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Developmental Changes in U.S. Adolescent’s Sleep Patterns on an Average School Night
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Adolescent Cognition 1
• Piaget’s theory
• Adolescent egocentrism
• Information processing
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Adolescent Cognition 2
Piaget’s theory
• Formal operational stage
• More abstract than concrete operational thought
• Increased verbal problem-solving ability
• Increased tendency to think about thought itself
• Thoughts of idealism and possibilities
• More logical thought
• Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications
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Adolescent Cognition 3
Evaluating Piaget’s theory
• Research indicates
• Much more individual variation than Piaget envisioned
• Culture and education exert stronger influences on cognitive development than Piaget maintained.
• Most developmentalists agree cognitive development is not as stage-like as Piaget thought.
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Adolescent Egocentrism Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents
• Imaginary audience: adolescents’ belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are
• Attention-getting behavior motivated by a desire to be noticed
• Personal fable: involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility
• A recent study found that greater use of social networking linked to a higher level of narcissism
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Information Processing 1
Cognitive control: effective control of thinking in a number of areas
• Learn to control attention and reduce interfering thoughts
• Be cognitively flexible
Decision making
• Adolescents make different decisions around peers than alone.
• Fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model: view of thinking in which decision making is influenced by two competing cognitive systems
• Verbatim, or analytical and gist-based, or intuitional
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Information Processing 2
Critical thinking: cognitive changes that allow improved critical thinking include
• Increased speed, automaticity, and capacity of information processing
• More breadth of content knowledge in a variety of domains
• Increased ability to construct new combinations of knowledge
• Greater range and more spontaneous use of strategies for applying or obtaining knowledge
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Schools 1
• The transition to middle or junior high school
• Effective schools for young adolescents
• High school
• Extracurricular activities
• Service learning
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Schools 2
The transition to middle or junior high school
• Drop in school satisfaction
• Less stressful when students have positive relationships
• Top-dog phenomenon: move from the top position in elementary school to the lowest position in middle or junior high school
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Effective Schools for Young Adolescents
• Develop smaller communities that lessen impersonality of middle schools
• Lower student-counselor ratios to 10-to-1
• Involve parents and community leaders
• Integrate several disciplines in a flexible curriculum
• Boost students’ health and fitness with more programs
• Provide public health care
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High School
Graduate with inadequate reading, writing, and math skills
To combat the issues faced by students
• Increase school counseling services
• Expand extracurricular activities
• Improve parental monitoring
Dropping out: early intervention and mentoring helps
• 2015 male dropout rate 6.3%; females, 5.4% percent
• Dropout rates vary among ethnic groups.
• “I Have a Dream” Foundation mentoring and programs nationwide encourage success.
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Extracurricular Activities
Sports, academic clubs, band, drama, and math clubs
High-quality extracurricular activities provide
• Competent, supportive adult mentors
• Opportunities for increasing school connectedness
• Challenging and meaningful activities
• Opportunities for improving skills
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Service Learning
Form of education promotes social responsibility and service to the community
Engages adolescents in following types of activities
• Tutoring
• Helping older adults
• Working in a hospital
• Assisting at a child-care center
• Cleaning up a vacant lot to make a play area
Benefits
• Higher grades and self-esteem, learning goal setting, ability to help others, and opportunities to reflect on moral issues
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