Ch-14 reflection

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ESSENTIALS OF

LIFE-SPAN

DEVELOPMENT 6e

John W. Santrock

© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 14

Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood

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Chapter Outline

• Personality theories and adult development

• Stability and change

• Close relationships

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Personality Theories and Development 1

• Stages of adulthood

• The life-events approach

• Stress and personal control in midlife

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Personality Theories and Development 2

Stages of adulthood

• Erikson’s generativity versus stagnation

• Generativity: adults’ desire to leave legacies to the next generation

• Developed in a number of ways

• Biological generativity

• Parental generativity

• Work generativity

• Cultural generativity

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Personality Theories and Development 3

Levinson’s seasons of a man’s life

• Transition to middle adulthood lasts: conflicts

• Being young versus being old

• Being destructive versus being constructive

• Being masculine versus being feminine

• Being attached to others versus being separated from them

How pervasive are midlife crises?

• The 40s are a decade of reassessing and recording truth about adolescent and adult years.

• Only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis.

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Personality Theories and Development 4

Individual variations

• Middle-aged adults interpret, shape, alter, and give meaning to their lives.

• In 1/3 of cases where individuals report experiencing a midlife crisis

• Triggered by life events such as job loss, financial problems, or illness

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Personality Theories and Development 5

The life-events approach

• Contemporary life-events approach: how life events influence the individual’s development depends on

• Life event itself

• Mediating factors

• Individual’s adaptation to the life event

• Life-stage context

• Sociohistorical context

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Personality Theories and Development 6

The life-events approach

• Drawbacks

• Life-events approach places too much emphasis on change, not adequately recognizing stability

• It may not be life’s major events that are the primary sources of stress.

• Daily experiences

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Personality Theories and Development 7

Stress, personal control, and age

• Middle-aged adults experience more overload stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once.

• Some aspects of personal control increase with age while others decrease.

Stress and gender

• Fight-or-flight: type of behavior men engage in when they experience stress

• Become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol

• Tend-and-befriend: type of behavior women engage in when they experience stress

• Seek social alliances with others

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Levinson’s Periods of Adult Development 1

Late adult transition: Age 60 to 65

• Era of late adulthood: 60 to ?

Middle adult transition: Age 40 to 45

• Culminating life structure for middle adulthood: 55 to 60

• Age 50 transition: 50 to 55

• Entry life structure for middle adulthood: 45 to 50

Early adult transition: Age 17 to 22

• Culminating life structure for middle adulthood: 33 to 40

• Age 30 transition: 28 to 33

• Entry life structure for early adulthood: 22 to 28

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Levinson’s Periods of Adult Development 2

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A Contemporary Life-Events Framework for Interpreting Adult Developmental Change

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Stability and Change 1

• Longitudinal studies

• Conclusions

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Stability and Change 2

Longitudinal studies

• Costa and McCrae’s Baltimore Study

• Focused on the “big five” factors of personality

• Berkeley longitudinal studies

• Intellectual orientation, self-confidence, and openness to new experience were the more stable traits.

• Characteristics that changed the most

• Extent to which individuals were nurturant or hostile

• Whether or not they had good self-control

Cumulative personality model of personality development

• People get better at interacting in ways that promote stability with their environment as they age.

• More stability in personality at midlife

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Stability and Change 3

George Vaillant’s studies

• Conducted on sample of

• 268 socially advantaged Harvard graduates born about 1920

• 456 socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930

• 90 middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born about 1910

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The Big Five Factors of Personality 1

Openness

• Imaginative or practical

• Interested in variety or routine

• Independent or conforming

Conscientiousness

• Organized or disorganized

• Careful or careless

• Disciplined or impulsive

Extraversion

• Sociable or retiring

• Fun-loving or somber

• Affectionate or reserved

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The Big Five Factors of Personality 2

Agreeableness

• Softhearted or ruthless

• Trusting or suspicious

• Helpful or uncooperative

Neuroticism(emotional stability)

• Calm or anxious

• Secure or insecure

• Self-satisfied or self-pitying

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Close Relationships 1

• Love and marriage at midlife

• The empty nest and its refilling

• Sibling relationships and friendships

• Grandparenting

• Intergenerational relationships

Close Relationships 2

Love and marriage at midlife

• Security, loyalty, and mutual emotional interest are more important in middle adulthood.

• Most married individuals are satisfied with their marriages during midlife.

• Divorce rate has decreased for young adults but increased for middle- aged adults.

Close Relationships 3

The empty nest and its refilling

• Empty nest syndrome: decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave the home

• Parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children.

• Refilling of empty nest is common

• Loss of privacy

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Close Relationships 4

Sibling relationships and friendships

• Sibling relationships may be extremely close, apathetic, or highly rivalrous.

• Friendships that have endured over adult years tend to be deeper.

Close Relationships 5

Grandparenting

• The changing profile of grandparents

• Most common reason grandparents step in as parents include their child's divorce, adolescent pregnancy, and/or drug use.

• Full-time grandparenting has been linked to health problems, depression, and stress.

Close Relationships 6

Intergenerational relationships: Important in development

• Middle-aged adults express responsibility between generations.

• Midlife adults play important roles in the lives of the young and the old.

• Relationships between aging parents and their children

• Characterized by ambivalence

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Close Relationships 7

Intergenerational relationships

• Differences in gender

• Mothers and daughters have closer relationships during adult years

• Married men more involved with wives’ families than with their own

• Grandparent-grandchild relationships

• Mothers’ intergenerational ties more influential

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