Ch-10 reflection
Kruti
LifespanChapter10.pdf
28-03-2021
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Because learning changes everything. ®
ESSENTIALS OF
LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT 6e
John W. Santrock
© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
© McGraw-Hill Education 2
Chapter 10
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Chapter Outline
• Identity
• Families
• Peers
• Culture and adolescent development
• Adolescent problems
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Identity 1
Identity
• Self-portrait composed of many pieces
• Vocational/Career
• Political and religious identity
• Relationship, achievement, and intellectual identity
• Sexual identity
• Cultural/ethnic identity
• Interests
• Personality
• Physical identity
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Identity 2
Erikson’s view
• Identity versus identity confusion
• Psychosocial moratorium
• Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities.
• Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of self.
• Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis suffer identity confusion.
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Identity 3
Developmental changes
• Crisis: period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives
• Commitment: personal investment in identity
• Marcia’s four statuses of identity
• Identity diffusion
• Identity foreclosure
• Identity moratorium
• Identity achievement
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Identity 4
Emerging adulthood and beyond
• Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence.
• Identity does not remain stable throughout life.
• Developing positive identity involves “MAMA”.
• Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement
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Identity 5
Cultural and ethnic identity: enduring aspect of the self that includes
• Sense of membership in an ethnic group
• Attitudes and feelings related to that membership
Many adolescents develop a bicultural identity.
• Identify with both their ethnic group and the majority culture
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Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity
Identity Development Stages
Identity Status Identity Status Identity Status
Position on occupation and Ideology
Identify Diffusion Identify Foreclosure Identify Moratorium
Crisis Absent Absent Present
Commitment Absent Present Absent
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Families 1
• Parental monitoring and information management
• Autonomy and attachment
• Parent-adolescent conflict
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Families 2
Parents as managers: parental monitoring and information management
• Supervising adolescents’ choice of
• Social settings
• Activities
• Friends
• Academic efforts
• Engaging later in sex and using condoms
• Curbing alcohol use in depressed teens
• When parents engage in positive parenting practices, adolescents are more likely to disclose information.
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Families 3
Autonomy and attachment
• Parents must weigh needs for autonomy and control, independence and connection.
• The push for autonomy may puzzle and frustrate some parents.
• Adolescents desire to make decisions and spend time with friends.
• Adolescents’ ability to attain autonomy is acquired through appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control.
• When given autonomy, teens feel they have more independence and better parental relationship.
• Boys are given more independence.
• Cultural diversity in timing and roles must also be considered.
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Families 4
Role of attachment
• Securely attached adolescents are less likely to have emotional difficulties and to engage in problem behaviors, juvenile delinquency, and drug abuse.
Parenting styles, culture, and secure attachment
• Authoritative Chinese parenting positively predicted parent-adolescent attachment.
• Associated with a higher level of adolescent self-esteem and positive attachment to peers
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Families 5
Parent-adolescent conflict
• Increases in early adolescence
• Typically involves everyday events
• Keeping a clean bedroom
• Dressing style
• Curfew
• Time spent with friends
• Rarely related to major issues
Role of conflict
• Facilitate adolescent’s transition from dependence to autonomy
• Teaches conflict and negotiation has a positive developmental function and can manage parental hostility
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Old and New Models of Parent-Adolescent Relationships 1
Old Model
• Autonomy, detachment from parents; peer worlds are isolated
• Intense, stressful conflict throughout adolescence; parent- adolescent relationships are filled with daily storms and stress
New Model
• Attachment and autonomy; parents are important support systems and attachment figures; adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds have some important connections
• Moderate parent-adolescent conflict is common and can serve a positive developmental function; conflict greater in early adolescence
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Old and New Models of Parent-Adolescent Relationships 2
Old Model
Autonomy, detachment from parents; parent and peer worlds are isolated
Intense, stressful conflict throughout adolescence; parent-adolescent relationships are filled with storm and stress on virtually a daily basis
New Model
Attachment and autonomy; parents are important support systems and attachment figures; adolescent-parent and adolescent- peer worlds have some important connections
Moderate parent-adolescent conflict is common and can serve a positive developmental function; conflict greater in early adolescence
©Martin Barraud/Caia Image/Glow Images
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Peers 1
• Friendships
• Peer groups
• Dating and romantic relationships
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Peers 2
Friendships
• Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and more intimate.
• Friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs.
• Developmental advantages occur when adolescents have friends who are
• Socially skilled
• Supportive
• Oriented toward academic achievement
• Developmental disadvantages
• Coercive friends who encourage drinking
• Conflict-ridden
• Poor-quality friendships
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Peers 3
Peer groups
• Peer pressure
• Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than children.
• Boys more influenced by peer pressure involving sexual behavior than girls
• Adolescents with low self-esteem and high social anxiety most likely to conform to peers and during transitions (for example, a new school)
• Cliques and crowds
• Cliques: small group averaging 5 or 6 individuals that engage in similar activities
• Crowds: larger than cliques and less personal
• Members do not spend much time together, are based on reputation or based on shared activities (for example, sports)
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Peers 4
Dating and romantic relationships
• Developmental changes in dating and romantic relationships
• Three stages
• Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age
• Exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age
• Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age
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Peers 5
Dating in gay and lesbian youth
• Many date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others.
• Most gay and lesbian youth have some same-sex sex experience.
• Some gay and lesbian youth continue same-sex dating and others, primarily heterosexual dating.
• Sociocultural contexts and dating
• Cultures, values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which dating begins.
Dating and adjustment
• Linked with positive development, a measure of being well-adjusted
• Adolescents feel they are more socially and romantically competent.
• Negative outcomes include substance use, delinquency, and sexual behavior.
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Developmental Changes in Self-Disclosing Conversations
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Culture and Adolescent Development 1
• Cross-cultural comparisons
• Ethnicity
• The media
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Culture and Adolescent Development 2
Cross-cultural comparisons: traditions and circumstances influencing development around the world
• Health: exposure to disease, drugs, lack of health care
• Gender: boys tend to receive more education
• Family: close knit versus parents needing to work far away
• Peers: surrogate family versus restricted, especially for girls
• Time allocated to different activities: structured versus unstructured time
• Rites of passage: ceremony or ritual that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another
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Culture and Adolescent Development 3
Ethnicity
• Immigration
• Immigrants experience multiple stressors including language, separation from support systems and culture, depression, low self- esteem, discrimination.
©Caroline Woodham/Getty Images
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Culture and Adolescent Development 4
Ethnicity and socioeconomic status
• Can interact to exaggerate influence of ethnicity (that is, ethnic, not SES, explanations are given for aspects of adolescent development)
• Low SES minorities adolescents experience
• Prejudice, discrimination, and bias
• Stressful effects of poverty
• Middle-income minority adolescents experience
• Prejudice, discrimination, and bias
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Culture and Adolescent Development 5
The media and media use
• E-mail, instant messaging, social networking sites, chat rooms, video sharing, and photo sharing
• Multiplayer online computer games and virtual worlds
Technology and digitally mediated communication
• Adolescents increased media use via
• Cell phones
• Tablets
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Culture and Adolescent Development 6
Increase in having a cell phone
• In 2004, 39% of adolescents had cell phones; it is projected that by 2019, 93% will have cell phones.
Daily use of social media and text messaging
• 92% of U.S. 13- to 17-year-olds communicate with friends via text message only
• Adolescents prefer to connect with parents via voicemail.
• 75% are on social media site
• 24% are almost constantly online on smartphones and mobile devices
Higher level of social media use linked to higher level of heavy drinking
Less screen time linked to better health-related quality of life
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Developmental Changes in the Amount of Time U.S. 8-to 18-Year-Olds Spend with Different Types of
Media
Access the text alternative for slide images.
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Adolescent Problems 1
• Juvenile delinquency
• Depression and suicide
• The interrelation of problems and successful prevention and intervention programs
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Adolescent Problems 2
Juvenile delinquency
• Juvenile delinquent: adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal
• Delinquency rates
• Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females
• Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are especially high.
• Causes of delinquency
• Lower-SES culture
• Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior
• Siblings and delinquent peers
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Adolescent Problems 3
Depression and suicide
• Factors contributing to depression
• Genes
• Certain family factors
• Poor peer relationships
• Treatment of depression
• Drug therapy using serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• Cognitive behavior therapy
• Interpersonal therapy
• Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in 10-to 19-year-olds.
• Adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully more often than actually commit it.
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Adolescent Problems 4
Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more likely to succeed.
• Risk factors for suicide
• History of family instability and unhappiness
• Lack of supportive friendships
• Cultural contexts
• Genetic factors
• Depressive symptoms
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Suicide Attempts by U.S. Adolescents From Different Ethnic Groups
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The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs 1
Four problems that affect the most adolescents
• Drug abuse
• Juvenile delinquency
• Sexual problems
• School-related problems
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The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs 2
Successful intervention programs include
• Intensive individualized attention
• Community-wide multiagency collaborative approaches
• Early identification and intervention
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© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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