Ch-11 reflection
Kruti
lifespanchaper11.pdf
05-04-2021
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Because learning changes everything. ®
ESSENTIALS OF
LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT 6e
John W. Santrock
© 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Chapter 11
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood
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Chapter Outline
• The transition from adolescence to adulthood
• Physical development
• Sexuality
• Cognitive development
• Careers and work
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The Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood 1
• Becoming an adult
• The transition from high school to college
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The Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood 2
Becoming an adult
• Emerging adulthood: transition from adolescence to adulthood
• Occurs from approximately 18 to 25 years of age
• Characterized by experimentation and exploration
• Key features
• Identity exploration, especially in love and work
• Instability, self-focused, and feeling in-between
• The age of possibilities, a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives
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The Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood 3
Parents can play an important role in guiding and preparing adolescents for emerging adulthood.
• Provide them with opportunities to be contributors
• Give candid, constructive and quality feedback to adolescents
• Create positive adult connections; adolescents learn to handle autonomy maturely
• Challenge adolescents to become more competent
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The Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood 4
Markers of becoming an adult
• Holding a full-time job
• Economic independence
• Taking responsibility for oneself
©Peter Cade/Getty Images
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The Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood 5
The transition from high school to college
• Top-dog phenomenon
• Movement to a larger school structure
• Interaction with peers from more diverse geographical and ethnic backgrounds
• Increased focus on achievement and assessment
• Positive features
• Intellectual challenges, time with peers, different lifestyles, independence
• Negative features
• Stress and depression
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Physical Development 1
• Physical performance and development
• Health
• Eating and weight
• Regular exercise
• Substance abuse
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Physical Development 2
Physical performance and development
• Peak physical performance typically occurs between 19 and 26.
• Muscle tone and strength usually begin to decline approximately age 30.
Health
• Emerging adults have mortality rate twice that of adolescents.
• More chronic health problems
• Engage in more health-compromising behaviors.
• More likely to be obese
• More likely to have a mental disorder than adolescents
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Physical Development 3
Eating and weight
• Obesity
• Linked to increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease
• Associated with mental health issues
• Factors involved in obesity
• Heredity
• Environmental factors, for example, decline in activity, low SES versus higher SES
• Dieting versus dieting and exercise programs
©Igor-Kardasov/Getty Images
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Physical Development 4
Regular exercise
• Helps prevent chronic disorders
• Aerobic exercise: sustained exercise stimulates heart and lung activity
• Exercise benefits both physical and mental health (for example, anxiety and depression)
• Strategies
• Reduce screen time and replace with exercise.
• Chart your progress.
• Get rid of excuses.
• Imagine the alternative. (For example, “What will my life be like if I lose my health?”)
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Physical Development 5
Substance abuse
• Addiction: overwhelming involvement with using a drug and a preoccupation with securing its supply
Alcohol
• Pregaming: men and women drinking at home before events
• Binge drinking: more than five drinks in a row in the past two weeks
• Extreme binge drinking: 10 to 15 or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks.
• Alcoholism: long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive alcohol use impairing user’s health and relationships
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Mortality Rates of U.S. Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Access the text alternative for slide images.
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Comparison Of Strategies Used By Successful And Unsuccessful Dieters
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Binge Drinking in the Adolescence-Early Adulthood Transition
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Sexuality 1
• Sexual activity in emerging adulthood
• Sexual orientation and behavior
• Sexually transmitted infections
• Forcible sexual behavior and sexual harassment
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Sexuality 2
Sexual activity in emerging adulthood
• Patterns of heterosexual behavior
• Males have more casual sex partners, while females report being more selective
• Women still under stricter social norms and criticized for having multiple sexual partners
• Approximately 60% percent of individuals have experienced sexual intercourse with at least one partner by end of emerging adulthood
• Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood.
• “Friends With Benefits”
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Sexuality 3
Heterosexual attitudes and behavior from 1994 survey
• Americans fall into three categories
• 1/3 have sex twice a week or more, 1/3 a few times a month, and 1/3 a few times a year or not at all
• Married (and cohabiting) couples have sex more often than non- cohabiting couples.
• Most Americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts.
• Adultery is the exception rather than the rule.
• Men think about sex far more often than women do.
Sexual activity linked to well-being from 2017 study
• Higher reported sexual pleasure and intimacy predicted more positive affect and less negative affect the next day.
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Sexuality 4
Sources of sexual orientation
• 3.8% of U.S. adults report being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transsexual
• Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations, and some people are bisexual.
• Most likely a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors
• Whether heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual, a person cannot be talked out of his or her sexual orientation.
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Sexuality 5
Attitudes and behavior of lesbians and gays
• Many gender differences that appear in heterosexual relationships occur in same-sex relationships.
• Lesbians have fewer sexual partners and less permissive attitudes about casual sex than gay men.
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Sexuality 6
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): diseases contracted primarily through sex
• HIV of biggest global concern
• 37 million individuals living with HIV around the world
• Half of all new infections in the 15- to 24-year-old age cohort
• Effective strategies for protecting against HIV
• Know your risk status and that of your partner.
• Obtain medical examinations.
• Have protected sex using condoms.
• Do not have sex with multiple partners.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections 1
STI Description/cause Incidence Treatment
Gonorrhea Commonly called the “drip” or “clap.” Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Spread by contact between infected moist membranes (genital, oral- genital, or anal-genital) of two individuals. Characterized by discharge from penis or vagina and painful urination. Can lead to infertility.
500,000 cases annually in U.S.
Penicillin, other antibiotics
Syphilis Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Characterized by the appearance of a sore where syphilis entered the body. The sore can be on the external genitals, vagina, or anus. Later, a skin rash breaks out on palms of hands and bottom of feet. If not treated, can eventually lead to paralysis or even death.
100,000 cases annually in U.S.
Penicillin
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Sexually Transmitted Infections 2
STI Description/cause Incidence Treatment
Chlamydia A common STI named for the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, an organism that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes. A special concern is that females with chlamydia may become infertile. It is recommended that adolescent and young adult females have an annual screening for this STI.
About 3 million people in U.S. annually.
Antibiotics
Genital herpes Caused by a family of viruses with different strains. Involves an eruption of sores and blisters. Spread by sexual contact.
One of five U.S. adults No known cure, but antiviral medications can shorten outbreaks.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections 3
STI Description/cause Incidence Treatment
AIDS Caused by a virus, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body’s immune system. Semen and blood are the main vehicles of transmission. Common symptoms include fevers, night sweats, weight loss, chronic fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
More than 300,000 cumulative cases of HIV virus in U.S. 25- to 34- year-olds; epidemic incidence in sub-Saharan countries.
New treatments have slowed the progression from HIV to AIDS; no cure.
Genital warts Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which does not always produce symptoms. Usually appear as small, hard painless bumps in the vaginal area, or around the anus. Very contagious. Certain high-risk types of this virus cause cervical cancer and other genital cancers. May recur despite treatment. A new HPV preventive vaccine, Gardasil, has been approved for girls and women 9 to 26 years of age.
About 5.5 million new cases annually; considered the most common STI in the U.S.
A topical drug, freezing, or surgery
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Cognitive Stages
Piaget’s View
• Formal operational thought is the final stage in cognitive development, and it characterizes adults as well as adolescents.
Postformal thought
• Reflective, relativistic, and contextual
• Provisional
• Influenced by emotion
• Wisdom and meaning are important developments in emerging adulthood.
• Critical life experiences, reminiscence and reflectiveness, openness to experience, emotional regulation, and humor
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Cognitive Development Creativity
• Qualifying any conclusion about age and creative accomplishments are
• Magnitude of the decline in productivity
• Contrasts across creative domains
• Individual differences in lifetime output
• Impressive array of creative accomplishments occur in late adulthood
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Careers and Work 1
• Developmental changes
• Finding a path to purpose
• Monitoring the occupational outlook
• The impact of work
• Diversity in the workplace
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Careers and Work 2 Developmental changes
• From mid-twenties on, individuals seek to establish their emerging career in a particular field
Finding a path to a purpose
• Only 20% of 12- to 22-year-olds had a clear vision of where they want to go in life.
• Students focus only on short-term goals.
• Don’t explore the big, long-term picture of what they want to do in life
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Careers and Work 3
Monitoring the occupational outlook
• Be knowledgeable about different fields and companies.
• 74% of employers say they will hire recent college graduates
The impact of work
• Most spend 1/3 of their lives at work, working up to 50 hours per week
• Important consideration is how stressful the work is
• Physical and emotional negative impact
• Work during college
• 78% of college students are working
• Cooperative (co-op) programs: paid apprenticeship in a field one is interested in pursuing
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Careers and Work 4 • Unemployment
• Produces stress and is related to physical and emotional problems, marital difficulties, and homicide
• Dual-earner couples
• Face special challenges in balancing between work and family life
Diversity in the workplace
• Women have increasingly entered the labor force.
• Increasing ethnic diversity requires a sensitivity to cultural differences and an appreciation of the cultural values that workers bring to a job.
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