Week 4
bemp1130
libraryreading.docx· Ferraro, . (2008). Time value of money. Everyday Finance: Economics, Personal Money Management, and Entrepreneurship , 2 , 438-440.
· Fuller, E. W. (2011). Capital budgeting and business cycles. Procesos de Mercado , 8 (1), 315-335.
https://library.phoenix.edu/c.php?g=400229&p=2720859
Time Value of Money
Everyday Finance: Economics, Personal Money Management, and Entrepreneurship . Vol. 2. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2008. p438-440.
Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale, Cengage Learning
Page 438
Time Value of Money
It may seem silly to begin saving for retirement in your twenties until you consider the “time value of money ”—that is, the way money gains value by earning interest over time. This bar graph shows the dramatic benefits of starting to save early. Illustration by GGS Information Services. Cengage Learning, Gale.
What It Means
The concept of the time value of money is the idea that cash received now is worth more than the same amount of cash received at a later date because money has the capacity to earn interest. A person who receives a sum of cash can put that money in a savings account and immediately begin to earn interest on that money. In this case interest refers to the fee the bank pays a client for depositing money.
To illustrate the principle of the time value of money, consider a scenario in which a person has the option of receiving $100 one year in the future or receiving $100 immediately and depositing the money in a bank account that pays a simple interest rate of 5 percent each year. Simple interest is calculated only on the initial sum of money. Thus, if the person chose to take the money immediately and deposit it into the account, he or she would have $105 at the end of a year. At the end of the second year, the person would have $110. A simple interest rate of 5 percent would add $5, or 5 percent of $100 (the original sum), each year. On the other hand, if that person waited a year to receive the money, he or she would only have $100.
In this example the benefit between taking the money immediately and waiting is small, but that is because the original sum is small. If the original sum were $1 million, the person would have $1,050,000 at the end of a year if the account paid a simple yearly interest rate of 5 percent. In this particular case the person has an extra $50,000 instead of only $5 after a year. This simple interest rate would add $50,000 to the original sum every year.
When Did It Begin
The practice of charging interest on loans , which dates back to ancient societies, indicates that moneylenders have long had an intuitive, if not explicitly stated, understanding of the time value of money. Records dating as far back as 5000 bc indicate that the Mesopotamians,Page 439 | Top of Article Hittites, Phoenicians, and Egyptians charged interest when they loaned such items as olives, dates, seeds, and animals. The time value of any loaned item was perhaps easiest to see with the loaning of seeds because any successfully planted seed would yield a plant that would produce more additional seeds. Thus, it was wise to get seeds in the ground, both to yield a healthy crop and to have more seeds for future plantings.
During the Middle Ages (from about 500 to about 1500) there is also evidence that people understood the time value of money. At trade fairs merchants and money changers in need of cash would often issue documents to others that could be redeemed at future trade fairs. If a person had accepted a document in exchange for a certain amount of cash, the merchant would often pay the person back with additional cash when he returned to redeem the document. Thus, both parties in the transaction understood that the original value of the loan would grow over time because the merchant was going to use the funds acquired in the loan to make more money.
More Detailed Information
The time value of $1 million from the earlier example increases more dramatically if, instead of being simple interest, the interest is compounded. With compound interest the interest is calculated not solely on the beginning principal but rather on that and then the new principal each time the interest is paid. Thus, with a compound interest rate of 5 percent, the person who received $1 million would still have $1,050,00 after the first year. However, in the second year, rather than adding another 5 percent of the original principal of $1 million, 5 percent of the new principal of $1,050,000 is added to the balance in the savings account. Thus, instead of having $1,100,000 at the end of the second year in an account bearing simple interest, the person has $1,102,500 if the money is in an account that pays compound interest. At the end of three years the person has $1,157, 625 with compound interest and only $1,150,000 with the simple interest.
The value of the $1 million would increase even more dramatically if the account bearing compound interest paid that interest quarterly (four times a year) rather than annually (only once a year). In this case every three months the account would pay 1.25 percent (a quarter of the 5 percent annual rate), and at the end of a year the person would have $1,050,945 instead of $1,050,000. At the end of the second year, the person would have $1,104,486 instead of $1,102,500. The person who accepted the $1 million immediately and placed the cash into such an account would have $104,486 more than the person who waited one year to accept the $1 million.
When considering the time value of money, people generally want to know two things: the future value of cash invested today (how much more it would be worth in the future because of interest) and the present value of cash received at a later date (how much one would need to put into an account now to have, as a result of interest, a certain amount, say $1 million, at that later date). Although, in most real-world cases, determining these figures requires the use of more complex mathematical equations, the preceding examples provide a general idea. Say you wanted to know the present value of $100 that you were going to receive in a year. If the simple interest rate were 5 percent, you have to determine how much to put into an account now for that money to be worth $100 in a year. To do that you would divide $100 by 1.05 (which represents the 5 percent interest per year), which is about $95.24. Thus, given a simple interest rate of 5 percent, $100 received a year from now would be worth only $95.25 today. In the same manner, the present value of $1 million received a year from now is $952,380 today.
It is especially important to have a sense of the time value of money when considering annuities. An annuity is an equal, annual series of cash flows. Annuities may be equal annual payments of money or equal annual receipts of money. Thus, assuming there is fixed rate of interest a person’s mortgage (the loan taken to pay for a home) is an annuity because the person pays the same amount to the finance company each time she makes a payment. A person thinking about buying a house might have second thoughts upon discovering that she will be required to pay $1,500 every month for 30 years in order to purchasePage 440 | Top of Article the home. However, according to the principle of the time value of money, that $1,500 is going to amount to a smaller sum of money each passing year because as time goes by that $1,500 will hold less value. More than likely what seems like a large monthly payment in the early years of the mortgage will feel like a less significant monthly outlay of cash over the course of the loan.
Sidebar: Hide
Inflation
The time value of money—the idea that cash received now is worth more than the same amount of cash received at a later date—is sometimes discussed to encourage people to save and invest money. If you had two choices, either to receive $100 now and put it in a savings account (where in a year the value might increase to $105) or to receive the same $100 a year from now, it would be simple to decide what to do. The $100 now, because banks pay you interest, or a fee, on money in savings accounts, is worth more.
Over the course of a year, however, what happens to the value of $100 is more complicated. Usually prices of everything you want to buy, from gum to a new car, gets a little more expensive every year. This rising of prices is called inflation . As a result, although you might have $105 in your bank account after a year because of interest, the value of each dollar in the account is worth less than the year before. The real change in the value of your savings account money depends on two factors: how much it increased because of interest and how much it decreased because of inflation. In any case, it is always better to receive the $100 now and to earn interest than to receive the same amount of money a year from now.
Recent Trends
Because real estate typically appreciates, or increases in value, one can see the time value of money when investing in a home. For young people coming out of school and entering the job market, it is usually wise to stop renting an apartment as soon as possible and buy a home, which over the course of a 30-year mortgage is very likely to increase in value. Increasingly adults in their early 20s have been doing that. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, homeownership among people under the age of 25 increased dramatically from 1994 to 2004. In 1994 only 14.9 percent of adults under 25 owned homes. Ten years later 25.2 percent of adults in this age group owned homes.
One of the reasons for this trend is the reduction of minimum down payments. In the past home buyers were often required to make a down payment for as much as 20 percent of the value of the home. For a $100,000 home, which is a modest dwelling in many communities, one would need $20,000 to spend on the home in order to secure a loan. Such requirements prevented young first-time buyers from purchasing homes. Many of these requirements have either vanished altogether or been greatly reduced. People can now purchase homes by putting zero to 5 percent down on the home. Such terms have allowed young people to enter the housing market, which in turn has allowed them to benefit from the time value of money—because of rising home prices, the $100,000 house they buy today will likely be worth much more in the future.
Source Citation (MLA 8th Edition)
"Time Value of Money." Everyday Finance: Economics, Personal Money Management, and Entrepreneurship, vol. 2, Gale, 2008, pp. 438-440. Gale Virtual Reference Library, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2830600194/GVRL?u=uphoenix&sid=GVRL&xid=786e48fa. Accessed 21 Aug. 2019.
Gale Document Number: GALE|CX2830600194
MORE LIKE THIS
Previous
Joel Lerner. Encyclopedia of Business and Finance.
Ed. Burton S. Kaliski. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. There was a time when many individuals thought that investing was for the rich and that very few people could afford to take on the risk that investments appeared to require. But, of course, times have changed; many...
Douglas R. Emery and John D. Finnerty.Encyclopedia of Business and Finance.
Ed. Burton S. Kaliski. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. Companies make capital investments to earn a return. This is like individuals wanting to make money when they invest in stocks and bonds. The amount of money made or lost is measured as the investment's rate of return....
DOUGLAS R. EMERY and JOHN D. FINNERTY. Encyclopedia of Business and Finance.
Ed. Burton S. Kaliski. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Macmillan Reference USA, 2001. Companies make capital investments to earn a return. This is like individuals wanting to "make" money when they invest in stocks and bonds. The amount of money "made" or "lost" is measured as the investment's rate of...
Gale Encyclopedia of American Law.
Ed. Donna Batten. Vol. 3. 3rd ed. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2010. Commercial paper is a written instrument or document such as a check, draft, promissory note, or a certificate of deposit, that manifests the pledge or duty of one individual to pay money to another. is ordinarily used...
Needs Analysis: Measuring Return on Training Investments
The Encyclopedia of Leadership: A Practical Guide to Popular Leadership Theories and Techniques.
Ed. Murray Hiebert and Bruce Klatt. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001. Inspired by Donald Kirkpatrick, Robert Mager, and Trisha Wilcox. A leader's success in developing people is a key competitive advantage in knowledge-based work environments. Yet training is costly: Participants' time...
West's Encyclopedia of American Law.
Ed. Shirelle Phelps and Jeffrey Lehman. Vol. 3. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2005. A written instrument or document such as a check, draft, promissory note, or a certificate of deposit, that manifests the pledge or duty of one individual to pay money to another. Commercial paper is ordinarily used in...
Everyday Finance: Economics, Personal Money Management, and Entrepreneurship.
Vol. 2. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2008. A certificate of deposit (CD) is a short-to-medium-term investment offered by banks, savings and loan associations, and credit unions. As with savings accounts, the customer deposits money with the institution and in...
ALLIE F. MILLER. Encyclopedia of Business and Finance.
Ed. Burton S. Kaliski. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Macmillan Reference USA, 2001. A bond is a type of interest-bearing security issued by an organization that needs funds. The issuer—a corporation, governmental agency, or municipality—compensates the bondholders by paying interest for the life of the...
Gale Encyclopedia of American Law.
Ed. Donna Batten. Vol. 2. 3rd ed. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2010. A written recognition by a bank of a deposit, coupled with a pledge to pay the deposited amount plus interest, if any, to the depositor or to his or her order, or to another individual or to his or her order. A form of...
Gale Encyclopedia of American Law.
Ed. Donna Batten. Vol. 7. 3rd ed. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2010. A fund, in the form of an investment company, in which shareholders combine their money to invest in a variety of stocks, bonds, and money-market investments such as U.S. Treasury bills and bank certificates of deposit....
Real-Life Math.
Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Vol. 2. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2006. A table consists of a series of rows and columns that are used to organize various types of data. Tables serve many uses in daily life, providing a teaching tool for basic math problems or easy access to the solutions to...
Next
Tools
· Send to Google Drive™
· Send to OneDrive™
·
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
· Share
·
Top of Form
Submit
all volumes
within this volume
Bottom of Form
