The Grade Only

A. Students Name:Qi Wang

B. Name of Topic:Social Barriers

C. Brief Description: Some people they do not like talking with other people, they are silence and like alone.

D. Journal Articles (Research Reports): Each of the three articles must come from a journal of a different social science discipline (as clearly evident by the name of the journal).

1. Journal Article (Research Report 1): Rethinking Social Barriers to Effective Adaptive Management

a. State Social Science: social barriers; adaptive management

b. Provide Reference: Allan C, Curtis A (2005) Nipped in the bud: why regional scale

adaptive management is not blooming. Environ Manag 36(3):414–425. Allen CR, Gunderson LH (2011) Pathology and failure in the design and implementation of adaptive management. J Environ Manag 92:1379–1384

c. Adaptive management is an approach to environmental management based on learning-by-doing, where complexity, uncertainty, and incomplete knowledge are acknowledged and management actions are treated as experiments. However, while adaptive management has received significant uptake in theory, it remains elusively difficult to enact in practice. Proponents have blamed social barriers and have called for social science contributions. We address this gap by adopting a qualitative approach to explore the development of an ecological monitoring program within an adaptive management framework in a public land management organization in Australia. We ask what practices are used to enact the monitoring program and how do they shape learning? We elicit a rich narrative through extensive interviews with a key individual, and analyze the narrative using thematic analysis. We discuss our results in relation to the concept of ©Ø℗€℗˜knowledge work©Ø℗€℗™ and Westley©Ø℗€℗™s (2002) framework for interpreting the strategies of adaptive managers©Ø℗€℗”©Ø℗€℗˜managing through, in, out and up.©Ø℗€℗™ We find that enacting the program is conditioned by distinct and sometimes competing logics©Ø℗€℗”scientific logics prioritizing experimentation and learning, public logics emphasizing accountability and legitimacy, and corporate logics demanding efficiency and effectiveness. In this context, implementing adaptive management entails practices of translation to negotiate tensions between objective and situated knowledge, external experts and organizational staff, and collegiate and hierarchical norms. Our contribution embraces the ©Ø℗€℗˜doing©Ø℗€℗™ of learning-by-doing and marks a shift from conceptualizing the social as an external barrier to adaptive management to be removed to an approach that situates adaptive management as social knowledge practice.

2. Journal Article (Research Report 2): Facilitators and barriers of implementing and delivering social prescribing services: a systematic review

a. State Social Science: Social prescription, Community care

b. Provide Reference: Marmot M, Allen J, Goldblatt P, Boyce T, McNeish D, Grady M, et al. Fair society, healthy lives. England: The Marmot Review; 2010. 2. Brandling J, House W. Social prescribing in general practice: adding meaning to medicine. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59:454–6. 3. Kimberlee, R. Developing a social prescribing approach for Bristol. Project Report. Bristol Health & Wellbeing Board; 2013. Briefly explain exactly how you located this journal article utilizing library resources covered in class.

c. Background: Social Prescribing is a service in primary care that involves the referral of patients with non-clinical needs to local services and activities provided by the third sector (community, voluntary, and social enterprise sector). Social Prescribing aims to promote partnership working between the health and the social sector to address the wider determinants of health. To date, there is a weak evidence base for Social Prescribing services. The objective of the review was to identify factors that facilitate and hinder the implementation and delivery of SP services based in general practice involving a navigator. Methods: We searched eleven databases, the grey literature, and the reference lists of relevant studies to identify the barriers and facilitators to the implementation and delivery of Social Prescribing services in June and July 2016. Searches were limited to literature written in English. No date restrictions were applied. Findings were synthesised narratively, employing thematic analysis. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool Version 2011 was used to evaluate the methodological quality of included studies. Results: Eight studies were included in the review. The synthesis identified a range of factors that facilitate and hinder the implementation and delivery of SP services. Facilitators and barriers were related to: the implementation approach, legal agreements, leadership, management and organisation, staff turnover, staff engagement, relationships and communication between partners and stakeholders, characteristics of general practices, and the local infrastructure. The quality of most included studies was poor and the review identified a lack of published literature on factors that facilitate and hinder the implementation and delivery of Social Prescribing services. Conclusion: The review identified a range of factors that facilitate and hinder the implementation and delivery of Social Prescribing services. Findings of this review provide an insight for commissioners, managers, and providers to guide the implementation and delivery of future Social Prescribing services. More high quality research and transparent reporting of findings is needed in this field.

3. Journal Article (Research Report 3): Social and structural barriers for adherence to methadone maintenance treatment among Vietnamese opioid dependence patients

a. State Social Science: SERVICE UTILIZATION, MEDICATION ADHERENCE

b. Provide Reference: 1.Tran BX, Ohinmaa A, Duong AT (2012) Cost-effectiveness of integrating methadone maintenance and antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive drug users in Vietnam’s injection-driven HIV epidemics. Drug Alcohol Depend 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.00 2. Tran BX, Ohinmaa A, Duong AT, Do NT, Nguyen LT, Mills S, et al. (2012) Cost-effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment for HIV-positive drug users in Vietnam. AIDS Care 24: 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.608420 PMID: 21936718 3. Herget G (2005) Methadone and buprenorphine added to the WHO list of essential medicines. HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev 10: 23–24.

Introduction Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) services may reduce the risk of HIV transmission if patients completely adhere to the treatment. Identifying adherence patterns and potential related factors is vital for the sustainability of MMT program in Vietnam. This study examined social and structural factors associated with adherence to MMT among patients in different service delivery models. Materials and methods A total of 510 patients at three MMT clinics in Hanoi were interviewed. Measures of self-reported adherence included the number of missed doses in the past 7 days and the level of adherence in the past 30 days using a visual analog scale (VAS) scoring from 0 (non-adherence) to 100 (perfect adherence). Multivariate regressions were employed to identify factors associated with non-adherence to MMT. Results A total of 17.7% of participants reported incomplete MMT adherence in the last 30 days and 8.3% reported missing a dose in the last seven days, respectively. Living with HIV/AIDS, poor self-care and usual activities, and disclosure of health issues to spouses or intimate partners were associated with non-adherence. Those patients with pain or depression were more likely to report better adherence. Disclosing health status to spouse/partner increased the risk of incomplete adherence, while disclosing to friends reduced the number of missed dose in the last seven days. Patients attending clinics with comprehensive services had a lower VAS score of adherence compared to those enrolling in clinics with only MMT and general health care. Conclusions Sustaining the compliance of patients to MMT is principal in the rapid expansion of this service in Vietnam. It is necessary to address the complexity of health care demands of drug users, their difficulties to be rehabilitated into workforce and society, and the stigmatization to maximize the outcomes of MMT program.

E. Copies of the Articles (Instructions).

1. For each article separately, staple the pages together.

2. Paperclip this cover page to the three articles.

3. Submit this packet no later than Tuesday (November 6)

F. With the understanding that we have an honor system, my signature below confirms that I completed this assignment independently .

Student’s Signature:____________Qi Wang____________________________