modern Chinese essay

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C 1 8 T H E R E T U R N T O S T A B I L I T Y A N D T R A D I T I O N

inadvertently reduced women's access to education and participation in the workforce'

As a result, some earlier gains were lost and new problems appeared' Li Xiaoiiang' a

professor of chinese alzhengzhou University and chair of the women's Studies Re-

search Center, analyzes the Situation in 1988'

The ,,Report on work" of the Thirteenth Party congress clearly lays out the

theory oi the first stages of socialism: so-called reform, including reform of

political structures, is intended first and foremost to advance the development

of ,o"i"ty', productive forces. The congress initiated improvements in eco-

nomic efficiency in order to realize more quickly the transformation of otrr

country from impoverishment, to relative comfort, to prosperity' It also attacked

the bureaucracy of the political world, the dogmatism of the theoretical world,

the egalitarianir- of th" economy, and the apathy of the individual. It proposed

a rea*hstic approach to reform and true economic competition. These goals,

sought afte; but unrealized for many years' are well and good-but they

thriten *o-en. In the spirit of realism, we are impelled to face squarely the

issue of biology and childbirth for women in social production. In actual eco-

no-i. .o*pJtition, the facts that the quality of women as workers is inclined

to be low and that they have a dual role evidently make women and the enter-

prises that employ them less competitive'

Reform has also eliminated life tenure for cadres and the "iron rice bowl"

of industry. At precisely the same time that the limited tenure policy and the

contract syrt".ow"r. being implemented, much of the protection and many of

the benefits for women irrindustry began to disappear one by one' As a result'

the problems of "same work - different pay" and unequal promotions for men

and women have arisen'

In rgBB a series of women's issues became even mofe pronounced. Not only

women, but the inany men whose interests are intertwined with women's and

who are with women from morning to night, were affected, as well as all the

families concerned about a daughter or a wife' Let us take a glimpse at the

issues in the natural course ofth4t one year'

First quarter.In the process of democratic elections for people's congresses

at every level and fo, th" Seventh National People's Congress' few female

cadres were elected, highlighting the problern of women's participation in

government. second quarter. with the simultaneous implementation of enterDrise

self-

management and discretionary hiring and contract systems' women's social

benefi"ts, salary, employment, and promotions were all threatened, rendering

women workets' problems more acute'

Third quarter. In job assignments for college graduates and those _who failed

to pass the college entrance examinations, employment problems for women

,,rrf"".d anew. This directly endangered young women intellectuals' future

prospects and develoPment.

Fourth q pursuit in i the increas call for "eq

lenges in li women en( some wol]r interpret th

The har endure are ual problen

has never b to face real actually a n with reforn

thus been t Historicallr, logical pub excessivelr, problems a means that unity with r economic I problems, i

Discussions oppression,

of feudalisn

were mosth lems of clas

Today, h women's is! not only in in the lives cially in cor creating am crisis.

It is hard "Socialism

obvious "eq

plight, then

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o1 OttU tlrtlr,r,

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pelca$el ere ,(eq1 'pecunouord oroul euocoq lllenper8 eAEr{ senssl s,uetuo^\

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{Io,4A o1 Sururnla-r la}unorur ueulo't\

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lBqc ora^es ololu ue^o acBJ 01 ueuro,t\ sesnBc ,,,{ed lenbe - Yon lenbe,, rol 11ec

ar{J'lcrHuoc lcerrp olur eulBc uetllo.t\ loJ uePinq elqnoP osuel AIbuIsBeIcul eql

pue sesrrdrelua 1o .ro3r,l pasBarcur eq] 'drcedec 4ro.r >1ead;o .{rlsnpur u1 lrnsrnd

peerdsepln eql pue ruroJer clruouoca Jo Suruedaap aqi qll,,1A 'rauDnb lunog

615 srtltrJ sll puD ,.uotJDztuJapo61,, s,?uaq

ernln] .slEnlcallelt uouto,4A lo] surolq(

Pallej oq^\ esoql P

Suuepuar'Peuele

IBIJOS S,UeuIO,t\

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1o tu:o;er 8ur

eql lno s{EI i

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e 'SuerloetY t-1 'acrolllo,^ ar{r

, 2 O T H E R E T U R N T O S T A B I L I T Y A N D T R A D I T I O N

sion. In the face of this "reverse tide," the long-parroted, never tested, never

deeply researched theory of women's liberation apPears exhausted. It is this

weakness of conventional theory that compels us to face the reality of Chinese

society and the reality bf Chinese women, to investigate conscientiously all

these earth-shattering women's issues.

lshehui kexue zhanxian 4 (re88): 3oo-31o; "^T,i"!ilTlJ:;fi1tff'[Ti:

T H E N t r W A U T H O R I T A R I A N I S M

Many intellectuals debated the merits of the "new authoritarianism" during the latter

half of the rg8os. To its proponents it had some resemblances to what earlier was called

"political tutelage" or "guided democracy," but its main emphasis was on the need for

siability as a precondition for economic growth. We see in the excerpts below, a decade

after Deng's opening to the outside world, the influence of Western political experi-

ence and philosophy and references to the Four Dragons - Hong Kong, Taiwan, South

Korea, and Singapore. Wu f iaxiang, a noted advocate of the new authoritarianism, was

a researcher at the Investigation and Research Division of the chinese communist

pagy,s central office at the time of the debate. Rong Jian, an important opponent of

the new authoritarianism, was a doctoral student in the philosophy department of

People's University in Beijing'

WU IIAXIANG: ..AN

OUTLINE FOR STUDYING THE NEW AUTHORITARIANISM,''

MAY 1989

3. The development of human society cannot be without authority; authority

prwides stability. Similarly, it cannot be without liberty; liberty provides vitality'

A stable and yet continuously changing society is a modern society in which

authority and freedom are integrated. . ' .

+. The fundamental program of the new authoritarianism is the marketecon-

omy. Without a new authority, marketization cannot be accomplished, and

without that, there can never be true democratic politics' ' ' '

5. The new authoritarianism is dedicated to forming the political power

.,"""rr"ry to resolve maior social problems and liberate society from crises dur-

ing the stage of society's transformation. It has been said that China's most

"ri"ti"rl p.oll.* today is that the country is not clear on what its critical prob-

l"-s "re.

This is a clever saying but expresses poor iudgmenl In fact, china is

already clear on its problems; the reason there has not been an effective reso-

lution is that a sufficiently large and strong political power has not yet been

amassed. There are two aspects to this political power that are necessary to solve

society's problems: the government's power and the power of the masses. . . '

6. Th; new authoritarianism is most concerned about the form of the redis-

tributior has decl

7 . T I this equ perhaps (the old no othe

8. Tl ory of tl political

this ther autocra( and potr politics, balance

authorit

9 . c l cratic p< Roussea

democri counrry, goverrin

the Fed tarianisr

ro. T which st or a set

n . T Its scope and plar be prodr

explains thority ir of histor of politi tarian st

The I stages; tJ some Pr in mode idea of r authoritr