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Research Question of Hypertension

Health Literacy for Hypertension in Pregnancy among Women Attending Antenatal Services

Reasons for Choosing the Research Question

The topic of hypertension in pregnancy is essential for solving health problems and as an academic requirement. The research question is the eye-opener to the solutions of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, particularly the desirable outcome of the mother and the baby. The research question integrates pregnancy with the hypertension concepts: the signs and symptoms, medications, and demographic factors (Abalos et al., 2018). I chose the research question of hypertension knowledge in pregnancy because it is a silent killer disease. I have read many journals that emphasize the importance of preventing the development of hypertension in pregnancy and found them fascinating. As part of the medical family across the world, there is a need for quality outcomes in pregnancy.

Type of Research which is Suitable

In answering the research question, selecting the research type is essential for the adorable and acceptable results. There is a need to be clear, precise, and concise. The research process in exploring the research question will be suitable to apply the quantitative research approach. The quantitative approach is essential in the collection, quantification, and analysis of the data. The quantitative research approach entails determining the amount of data to generate results after obtaining a given sample from the population of interest. The research data collection entails the use of records like numbers and digits, which are qualitative.

Literature Review

The literature review focuses on hypertension awareness and the related concepts. The essential and related information is the signs and symptoms of hypertension in pregnancy, awareness, medication compliance, and the associated maternal factors. A discussion at the end will integrate the concepts to bring out meaning. Blood pressure exceeding 140/90mmHg is defined as hypertension in pregnancy, and these elevations are utilized to diagnose hypertension disorders during pregnancy. High blood pressure (without proteinuria), preeclampsia (with proteinuria), and eclampsia or preeclampsia with seizures are the three types of gestation hypertension that emerge after twenty weeks of pregnancy in a mother who previously had normal blood pressure (Behrens et al., 2017). The severity of the clinical symptoms varies.

Severe hypertension raises the mother's chance of a heart attack, sudden cardiac death, cardiovascular accident, and kidney failure, as well as the fetus's risk of preterm birth and insufficient oxygen exchange across the membrane (George et al., 2016). Because wellbeing behavior is related to lower occurrence of hypertension in pregnancy, maternal characteristics such as level of education influence the development of hypertensive diseases in pregnancy, those with primary education were more cognisant of hypertension than those without primary education in most parts of the world, according to reports (Hoeltzenbein et al., 2018). The importance of preventative in any situation cannot be underestimated.

Discussion and Integration of various Literature

Information on the signs and symptoms of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy should be provided to pregnant women attending antenatal clinics using leaflets and health talks to enable them to seek medical help early to prevent complications (Webster et al., 2019). Hypertension medications compliance during pregnancy is essential to avoid maternal and fetal complications and promote good fetal and maternal outcomes (Hughson et al., 2018). However, most pregnant women do not adhere to hypertension medications due to fear of side effects and difficulty adjusting to the new lifestyle changes, including diet modification and exercises. (Ishikawa et al., 2018)

Non-adherence has also been associated with poor understanding of the condition, seeing the condition improving, or the health deterioration (Ouasmani et al., 2018). Adequate counseling on the use of hypertension medications during pregnancy promotes adherence to drugs. Level of education, income, and age are associated with the development of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, while religion is not significantly related to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (Stuart et al., 2018). The education and the awareness of signs and symptoms help reduce the chances of developing hypertension in pregnancy.

References

Abalos, E., Duley, L., Steyn, D. W., & Gialdini, C. (2018). Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10).

Behrens, I., Basit, S., Melbye, M., Lykke, J. A., Wohlfahrt, J., Bundgaard, H., ... & Boyd, H. A. (2017). Risk of post-pregnancy hypertension in women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: nationwide cohort study. bmj, 358, j3078.

George, M., George, N., & Ramesh, N. (2016). Pregnancy-induced hypertension among antenatal women attending outpatient departments in a rural hospital. Hindu, 142, 94-7.

Hoeltzenbein, M., Fietz, A. K., Kayser, A., Zinke, S., Meister, R., Weber-Schoendorfer, C., & Schaefer, C. (2018). Pregnancy outcome after first-trimester exposure to bisoprolol: an observational cohort study. Journal of hypertension, 36(10), 2109-2117.

Hughson, J. A., Marshall, F., Daly, J. O., Woodward-Kron, R., Hajek, J., & Story, D. (2018). Health professionals' views on health literacy issues for culturally and linguistically diverse women in maternity care: barriers, enablers and the need for an integrated approach. Australian Health Review, 42(1), 10-20

Ishikawa, T., Obara, T., Nishigori, H., Miyakoda, K., Ishikuro, M., Metoki, H., ... & Kuriyama, S. (2018). Antihypertensives prescribed for pregnant women in Japan: Prevalence and timing determined from a database of health insurance claims. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 27(12), 1325-1334.

Nzelu, D., Dumitrascu-Biris, D., Kay, P., Nicolaides, K. H., & Kametas, N. A. (2018). Severe hypertension, preeclampsia and small for gestational age in women with chronic hypertension diagnosed before and during pregnancy. Pregnancy hypertension, 14, 200-204.

Ouasmani, F., Engeltjes, B., Rahou, B. H., Belayachi, O., & Verhoeven, C. (2018). Knowledge of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy of Moroccan women in Morocco and in the Netherlands: a qualitative interview study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), 344.

Stuart, J. J., Tanz, L. J., Missmer, S. A., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D., James-Todd, T. M., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2018). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and maternal cardiovascular disease risk factor development: an observational cohort study. Annals of internal medicine, 169(4), 224-232.

Webster, L. M., Reed, K., Myers, J. E., Burns, A., Gupta, P., Patel, P., ... & Chappell, L. C. (2019). Quantifying adherence to antihypertensive medication for chronic hypertension during pregnancy. PreStuart, J. J., Tanz, L. J., Missmer, S. A., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D., James-Todd, T. M., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2018). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and maternal cardiovascular disease risk factor development: an observational cohort study. Annals of internal medicine, 169(4), 224-232.gnancy Hypertension, 17, 12-14.