Classical Leadership Theory in Action (6-8 pages)
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LessonFOURRhetoricCiceroOnDutiesiLearnSI2018.pptx834 Lesson
Four
Aristotle’s
Rhetoric
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Aristotle’s Rhetoric Overview
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Book I
Overview of the purpose and kinds of rhetoric
Book II
Guidance on how to deliver all kinds of speeches. Focuses on the impact of ethos, logos and pathos on persuading an audience.
Book III
Lexis (style) and taxis (arrangement of words)
Three Modes of Persuasion (Slide 8)
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Ethos: appeals to credibility.
Pathos: appeals to emotion
Logos: appeals to logic
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Rhetoric (slide 5)
Aristotle’s Rhetoric had a tremendous influence on the development of public communication.
Defines rhetoric as “the power to see, in each case, the possible ways to persuade”.
The Socratic Method/Dialectic (rigorous inquiry) was considered a tool to approach truth. The Socratic Method employs the questioning of assumptions; a discussion driven by logic.
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Rhetoric (slide 7)
Aristotle considered rhetoric as a tool to teach/convince/persuade others of the truth.
Aristotle saw that The Socratic Method and Rhetoric are complimentary; they work well used together.
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Rhetoric (slide 8) Rhetoric Compared to the Dialectic
Both rhetoric and dialectic are similar in that they are not part of a specific science.
Dialectic upholds and tests and argument; rhetoric defends and attacks arguments
Rhetoric can be applied to any subject as it is the counterpoint to the dialectic.
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Rhetoric (slide 9)
There are three types of rhetoric (speech for the art of persuasion)
Political (deliberative)
Forensic (argument e.g. jury trial)
Epideictic (praise, honor or blame)
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Rhetoric (slide 10)
Logos (Logical argument)
Syllogism: One proposition is deduced from two or more others.
Major Premise is a general statement believed to be true.
Minor Premise is a specific example of the belief.
Conclusion
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Rhetoric (slide 11)
Syllogism Example: (one proposition is deduced from two or more others)
Major Premise: Aristotle is human
Minor Premise: Humans are mammals
Conclusion: Aristotle is a mammal
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What is an Enthymeme? (Slide 12)
A condensed syllogism i.e., a syllogism missing a premise, i.e., one or more premises are unstated. The expectation is for the audience to assume the unstated premise.
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Some Key Ideas from Rhetoric (Slide 14)
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The objective of rhetoric is not solely to deliver a great speech, but to develop and put forth the best argument.
Rhetoric is an art and a communication tool to arrive at truth.
Arguments should not be based on opinion, but on sound mastery of knowledge.
Aristotle focuses on the psyche of the audience.
Rhetoricians must understand the political power structure to tailor their rhetoric to persuade the ruling class.
Rhetoric (slide 15)
Rhetoricians must understand the political power structure and tailor their rhetoric to persuade the ruling class.
Rhetoric helps to advance learning and instruction.
Promotes justice in allowing one who is falsely accused to defend their position against one who is skilled in rhetoric but wrong on the facts.
Trains one to consider both sides of an issue.
Rhetoric skills are essential for one to provide an adequate defense of truth.
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Rhetoric (slide 16)
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Aristotle sees rhetoric in a scientific light.
Rhetoric skill is important to possess
To defend truth
To persuade and teach others who fail to comprehend an argument.
Three factors impact rhetoric: the personal character of the speaker, the mood that he sets for the audience, and the arguments themselves.
His primary methods of argumentation utilize the example and the enthymeme
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Lesson IV
On Duties (De Oficiis), Cicero
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Who was Marcus Tullius Cicero? (slide 1)
106 – 43 BC
Born 400 years after Rome’s last king
Cicero was a Roman orator, lawyer, politician, and philosopher
He brought the Greek philosophical tradition to the Romans
Created new philosophical vocabulary in Latin
Contemporary of Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar
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Who was Marcus Tullius Cicero? (slide 2)
Cicero's political career began in 75 BC, when he served as quaestor for the province of Sicily. He then advanced through the ranks to praetor and the office of consul
Cicero was heavily influenced by Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics
In Cicero’s time, there were essentially two career pathways into politics: military and law
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Who was Marcus Tullius Cicero? (slide 4)
Cicero demonstrated how a politician can reflect Greco-Roman philosophy.
Cicero advanced through the ranks of the magistrates from (75 BC) quaestor to praetor to consul.
The high point of Cicero’s career was his time as consul (63 B.C.). During this time he saved the republic by squelching the Cataline conspiracy.
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On Duties (slide 5) What was the Cataline Conspiracy?
Lucius Sergius Catilina (Cataline) was upset he did not get the position of consul.
He assembled an army to conspire against Rome.
Their conspiratorial scheme was foiled. Cicero staged an ambush of the conspirators.
Conspirators were executed, Cicero was celebrated for saving Rome.
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On Duties (slide 6)
46 BC Cicero retired from public life. Julius Caesar has full rule over Rome.
Caesar offers Cicero a high position. Cicero rejects his offer and stays in retirement; begins writing/philosophizing.
Julius Caesar was assassinated 44 BC on March 15 by Brutus and Cassius.
After Caesar’s Assassination, Marc Antony absorbs Caesars power.
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On Duties (slide 7)
In 44 BC, Cicero stands up to Marc Antony by speaking publicly against him. He makes rousing orations against Antony’s character and intent.
Cicero fails to change the course of Marc Antony’s power.
Antony joins forces with Octavis (later known as Augustus)
Cicero was on Antony’s naughty list. Consequently, Cicero is killed in 43 BC.
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On Duties (slide 8)
Cicero wrote On Duties as a gift for his son in the form of a letter.
Cicero wanted to leave his son the gift of wisdom on how to live a morally upright, ethical life.
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On Duties (slide 9)
Cicero’s On Duties, letter explains that Cicero wants his son to benefit his life lessons, and to learn from his mistakes and successes.
Extract principles for which to model your actions.
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On Duties (slide 10)
Cicero’s asserted the good life was one of service to others; service to your country, family and community.
Have a strong work-ethic
It is possible to be successful, wealthy and honest, morally upright.
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On Duties (slide 11)
The highest calling is public service.
Cicero made it an objective to show one could be a successful and honest politician as well.
Cicero put down the Cataline Conspiracy.
Put the interests of country and others above your own interests.
Cicero was briefly exiled from Rome (58 BC) because he acted illegally in executing the Catalinean conspirators without a trial, and violated the right of every Roman citizen to a trial.
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On Duties (slide 12)
Cicero was brought out of exile back to Rome (57 BC).
What is the moral course? All morality is based upon the notion of natural law. The belief in God. God is reflected in the reason of nature. The universe is reasonable. God is reflected in all creation.
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On Duties (slide 13)
There are absolutes. Absolute rights and wrongs. Absolute ethical values and virtues.
The absolute values are:
Wisdom
Justice
Courage
Moderation
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On Duties (slide 14)
Virtues are goodness
You can be successful and good, moral.
An immoral act is never good for you. It can never help you.
It is impossible to separate who you are as private person from who you are as a public person.
Again, the highest calling is public service.
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On Duties (slide 15)
Wisdom is knowing the truth which comes from God.
Wisdom is also knowing how to apply the virtues in your life; how to apply the good to your life.
Must possess knowledge in order to determine what is good.
Learn things that matter. Do not engage yourself in studies of trivial matters.
Do not be just a scholar. Do not isolate yourself from the world to seek truth. Truth is of no purpose unless you bring it bring it into the world.
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On Duties (slide 16)
Justice is not harming anyone; the golden rule.
The essence of justice is in the notion of and regard for private property
One of our greatest shortcomings?
Passive injustice
Avoid active and passive injustice.
Nothing is worse than being a hypocrite.
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On Duties (slide 17)
Everyone should have justice. Even those who have done wrong.
Do not be extreme in punishing those who have done wrong to you.
An attorney owes it to his client to provide the best defense for his client, even if his client is bad. All, but the most heinous criminals deserve a good defense.
Justice includes being generous. Give in order of priority, begin with family and work outward.
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On Duties (slide 18)
Morality is doing what you say you will do; keeping your word (Your word is your bond).
Morality builds trust.
Courage is essential to living a just life. You must be willing to stand for what is right.
Know that wisdom is essential for courage.
Moderation in all things. No good thing/action should be driven to the extreme point that it becomes wrong.
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On Duties (slide 19)
An immoral act is never expedient.
Cicero speaks of the Roman statesman and general, Marcus Atilius Regulus, as a exemplary role model of morality.
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Lesson Four Complete
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