3 discussions due in 4 DAYS

Lesson 4-Realism to Naturalism

Walt Whitman (1819-1892)

--Whitman was born in 1819 in a farmhouse on eastern Long Island, New York. During the poet’s early years, the family moved from the country to Brooklyn because of financial struggles.

--Whitman’s father was “addicted to alcohol,” according to his son, and was frequently depressed.

--Whitman’s formal education ended when he was 12 years old. He began working in a printing office, “the poor man’s college,” and acquired miscellaneous literary and intellectual culture. He was also a typesetter, schoolteacher, newspaper editor, free-lance journalist, storekeeper, and housebuilder.

--In July 1855, Whitman issued the first edition of Leaves of Grass, a collection of twelve poems that he published at his own expense. He intended it to be nothing more than a “new Bible” for the new age of democracy and science, but it is his masterpiece. Emerson wrote about Leaves of Grass, “I find it the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that America has yet contributed.”

--After publishing the first edition of Leaves of Grass, Whitman worked as a newspaper editor, free-lance journalist, and then a government clerk until he was fired in 1865 on the grounds that Leaves of Grass violated “the rules of decorum and propriety described by a Christian Civilization.”

--William Douglas O’Connor, one of Whitman’s biggest supporters, wrote a diatribe against Whitman’s being fired. O’Connor named this piece “The Good Gray Poet,” creating an epithet that would attach itself to Whitman from then on.

--Whitman is the great bridge figure of nineteenth-century American literature. He links the era of Hawthorne and Thoreau to that of Mark Twin and Henry James. He fulfilled the promise of romanticism while pointing to the open road of modernist form, vision, and experiment.

--His writing style is bold and contradictory, and he worshipped change. He shocked his contemporaries with his candor about sexuality.

--Whitman has enjoyed great international renown. Perhaps William Faulkner can match Whitman's impact on South America, but no U.S. writer, including Faulkner, has had a comparable influence in as many parts of the world.

-- Though it was no secret who the author of Leaves of Grass was, the fact that Whitman did not put his name on the title page was an unconventional and suggestive act (his name would in fact not appear on a title page of Leaves until the 1876 "Author's Edition" of the book, and then only when Whitman signed his name on the title page as each book was sold). The absence of a name indicated, perhaps, that the author of this book believed he spoke not for himself so much as for America.

--But opposite the title page was a portrait of Whitman (seen above), an engraving made from a daguerreotype that the photographer Gabriel Harrison had made during the summer of 1854. It has become the most famous frontispiece in literary history.

--It is a full-body pose that indicates Whitman's re-calibration of the role of poet as the democratic spokesperson who no longer speaks only from the intellect and with the formality of tradition and education: the new poet pictured in Whitman's book is a poet who speaks from and with the whole body and who writes outside, in Nature, not in the library. It was what Whitman called "al fresco" poetry, poetry written outside the walls, the bounds, of convention and tradition.

Excerpts from “Song of Myself” by Walt Whitman

Pages 1049-1055 Stanzas 1-9

Pages 1061-1062 Stanza 16

Page 1072 Stanza 31

Page 1090-1091 Stanza 46

Page 1093 Stanza 48

Page 1094-1095 Stanzas 51-52

Ponder these questions as you read:

1 What’s different about Whitman’s poetic style as compared to “traditional” poetry?

2 Many of Whitman’s ideas are Emersonian. Write these down as you recognize them.

3 How did Whitman feel about his country, America?

4 One of Whitman’s main themes involves his idea that “opposite equals advance.” What are some of the opposites he mentions within stanzas 3 and 16?

5 Another central idea is the question “what is the grass?” What are some of the answers he gives to this question in stanza 6?

6 What does Whitman say about death in stanza 6?

7 What are some of the images of the city he notes in stanza 8? Of the country in stanza 9? What conclusions can we draw from the length and wording of those two stanzas?

8 Does Whitman agree with Emerson about consistency and contradicting oneself? Explain after reading stanza 51.

Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)

--Dickinson is also a bridge figure, as was Whitman, between Romanticism and Modernism, but she is harder to classify. Her ideas were influenced by the Romantic ideals of the time, mainly an emphasis on the beauty of nature and the spiritual aspects of nature.

--Like Whitman, she wrote free verse—poetry with no definite rhyme, meter, or stanza patterns—and she felt a certain freedom in her choice of subject matter, although her poetry is less graphic than Whitman’s. These attributes classify her with Realism/Modernism.

--In addition to utilizing these aspects of Romanticism and Modernism, however, her poetry also has a firm foundation in Calvinist theology, classifying her in the category of Puritanism. She frequently uses Christian symbols (heaven, hell, the cross), shows a great interest in death and the soul, and much of her poetry has the rhythm of hymns.

--She was born, lived most of her life, died, and is buried in Amherst, Massachusetts. She is known as “The Belle of Amherst.”

--She was born into a prominent family and lived all her life in the family homestead with her lawyer father, mother, and sister, Lavinia, who, like Emily, never married. Her lawyer brother, Austin, his wife, Susan, and their three children lived next door.

--Emily attended school sporadically because of poor health. After four years of primary school and seven years at Amherst Academy, she enrolled in Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary, the first college for women.

--Her relationship with traditional Christian theology was an uneasy one, as her classification at Mt. Holyoke reveals. The students were classified as professed Christians, “had hope,” or “no hope.” Emily was in the “no hope” category and, by mutual agreement with the college, left after one year.

--Well-read, she enjoyed the writings of Emerson, Shakespeare, Keats, the Brownings, and she read extensively in the Bible. She wrote in a letter that her lexicon was her “constant companion.” Asked by a correspondent who thought he detected the influence of Whitman in her poetry if she had read his book, Emily replied that she had not, for she had heard he was “disgraceful.”

--After she returned from college, she began her gradual removal from society, which would culminate in a nearly complete renunciation of the world. She became a kind of village eccentric, living within the confines of her father’s house and grounds.

--Dickinson was a woman who seemed to need in her life what she termed a “preceptor”—a tutor, teacher, mentor, intellectual companion who could keep her in touch with the world. In her lifetime, she had three preceptors:

1 Benjamin Newton-This relationship was formed before Emily’s withdrawal from the world. He was a law student of her father’s. She said, “He taught me what to read, what authors to admire, what was most grand in nature, and […] a faith in things unseen.” He encouraged her to write poetry and awakened her literary tastes. Unfortunately, he died before Emily’s poetry writing began in earnest.

2 Reverend Charles W. Wadsworth-He was a married Presbyterian minister whom she met in 1854 on a trip to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They corresponded for a time, and he visited her once in Amherst. She seems to have loved him deeply, but it is doubtful that those intense feelings were returned or even realized by Wadsworth. Her definitive biographer called her experience of being in love with him “the single most important event in her life.” Emily herself referred to him as her “dearest earthly friend.” When he moved to San Francisco in 1862, Emily was devastated. At this time, she withdrew completely from society, began to dress in white, and for this one year (1862) wrote an average of one poem per day, totaling 366. Two-thirds of all of her poems were written in the eight years after he left.

3 Thomas Wentworth Higginson-He was a leading literary critic of the day who wrote for The Atlantic Monthly. He asked for contributors and she sent him four poems. A lifelong correspondence (twenty-two years) began. Higginson suggested ways she should alter her poems, but Emily was not interested in changing her work, nor was she interested in publication (“Publication—is the Auction / Of the Mind of Man—“). She simply wanted contact with another literary mind. After eight years of correspondence, they met in her home.

--Only seven of her poems were published during her lifetime, all unsigned, all without her permission, all altered to reflect conventional rhyme and punctuation.

--When she died at age 56, bundles of her poems written on backs of envelopes or brown paper bags and tied with thread were found among her things. She left instructions that all her “papers” be burned. Lavinia decided to ignore that request and was instrumental in getting the poems published the first four years after Emily’s death, although in conventional form.

--Although her family knew that she wrote poetry, they did not know how prolific was her output; the poems eventually totaled 1,775. Her subjects range from nature to love to death to immortality. It was not until 1955 that all 1,775 poems were published in their original form with Emily’s punctuation intact.

--Hers is the single most important female literary voice in American literature.

Realism

--After the Civil War, industrialism spreads (telegraph, telephone, railroad expansion, electricity); population increases (movement from rural to urban continues); new political groups arise.

--New York becomes the literary capital of the United States because of publishing companies being located there.

--Women writers begin to become a force (Harriet Beecher Stowe).

--The Romantic Movement is challenged by the new literary movement—Realism: originated in France, it is the literary doctrine that calls for the reality and truth in the depiction of ordinary life.

--Its tenets:

1 Writers should closely observe and record the details of ordinary life.

2 Writers should concentrate on the typical and average, avoiding the unusual.

3 Writers find deep revelations (revealed truths) in ordinary experiences.

--Realism was a revolt against Romanticism, which showed an idealized picture of life with the emphasis on the extraordinary, even the supernatural (metaphysical, spiritual).

--Realism involves no mysticism, no inner voice, no abstract concepts, no God; there is no “sin” or “evil”; bad things arise from bad conditions.

--Realistic writers dealt with American middle class, describing their houses, jobs, families, customs, achievements, and failures. As it is realistic, we do see factories and slums, poverty, hardship, criminals, but the realist believed that America is a land of hope and possibility, and these “smiling aspects of life” should be reflected in literature, said William Dean Howells, the spokesman for Realism.

--Romantic writers and some readers attacked Realism on the grounds that it debased literature by concentrating on the sordid and trivial (they said it is “the art of depicting nature as it is seen by toads”); it is depressing, they said, not hopeful enough.

--Howells replied, “[The realist] finds nothing insignificant [….] He feels in every nerve the equality of things and the unity of men; his soul is exalted, not by vain shows and shadows and ideals, but by realities in which alone the truth lives.” The truth is what we live everyday and see around us.

--Some quotes concerning Realism:

· It is “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.”

· It shows “a slice of life.”

· Its writers have “a powerful impulse to mirror the unmitigated realities of life.”

--Appropriately, American realistic writers were mostly middle-class with journalistic backgrounds, rather than upper-class with academic backgrounds, as most of the Romantic writers had been.

--Realist authors include Mark Twain, Kate Chopin, Henry James, and Bret Harte.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens [Mark Twain] (1835-1910)

--America’s foremost humorist, Twain developed a bitter streak near the end of his life that is apparent in his later works.

--Born November 30, 1835, he arrived simultaneously with Halley’s comet in Florida, Missouri. He died in 1910, having said that he came in with the comet and intended to go out with it.

--His father died when Clemens was eleven. The family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, located on the Mississippi River. This town became the prototypical setting for most of his works.

--In Hannibal, he stored up characters, life events, and atmosphere that appear in Life on the Mississippi, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

--After only eight years of formal schooling, Clemens worked as a journalist for a time on his brother Orion’s newspaper, the main “school” for many middle-class realists.

--Steamboats were the center of attention for young boys in Hannibal, and Clemens fulfilled a boyhood dream when he became a riverboat pilot: “I love the profession far better than any I have followed since, and I took measureless pride in it.” This dream ended when the Civil War began and the Mississippi River was blockaded.

--Clemens had split emotions concerning the war: he was a supporter of the anti-slavery cause the North stood for, but he had strong ties to and love for the South. He joined the Confederate army as a volunteer but resigned two weeks later: “[I was] incapacitated by fatigue through constant retreating.”

--He then went West, where he mined for a time and got his first paying job as a reporter, sending his reports back East. He turned many of these news reports into comic sketches and was widely read.

--The “tall tale” of the West provided his early inspiration, and his first literary success was the short story “The Celebrated [Notorious] Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.” It catapulted him to instant fame back East.

--At this time, he adopted the pseudonym “Mark Twain,” the leadsman’s call for safe water for a riverboat, which is two fathoms deep. The leadsman would call “mark [measured] twain [two fathoms]!”

--Returning East, he was hired to travel to Europe and the Holy Land with a group of Americans; from this experience he wrote the novel The Innocents Abroad, which satirizes American attitudes toward European culture.

--He then met and married Olivia Langdon, and they lived happily for seventeen years in their Hartford, Connecticut, home, which Twain had designed to look like a steamboat.

--With his white, unruly hair and beard, white panama suit, and trademark cigar, he was world famous. He once referred to himself as “the most conspicuous person on the planet,” and he entertained such giants of the world as Winston Churchill.

--He was also famous on the lecture circuit, where he would read from his own works and tell humorous anecdotes, never revealing that he himself found any humor in them.

--Livy and Twain had four children: three girls and a boy. Twain’s bitterness in life began with the death of his nineteen-month-old son, Langdon.

--His fortunes diminished because of bad investments, and Twain and Livy moved to Europe, where the cost of living was lower and Twain could make money lecturing. While they were gone, daughter Suzy died in the Hartford home, and it was sold.

--Before his own death, Twain saw the death of his beloved wife, Livy (“She is the most beautiful spirit and highest and noblest I have ever known and now she is dead”) and another daughter, Jean.

--His later works are infused with bitterness and cynicism. He came to believe that man was a greedy, ridiculous, cruel, bigoted idiot and referred to mankind as “the damned human race.”

--Never fond of organized religion or Christianity, he came to see God as a malevolent figure and said of Christianity, “If Christ were here now, there is one thing he would not be—a Christian.”

--Some said he “willed” his death in 1910.

His Work

--Twain believed that humor must have an element of preaching and teaching in it if it were to survive. He once said of his work, “My books are water; those of the great geniuses are wine.” Most scholars disagree.

--In 1876, Twain published The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, a book he called a “hymn to boyhood.”

--Eight years later, he published, after much badgering from the public concerning a character that appeared in Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This novel, his greatest and some say one of the greatest ever written, is a “masterpiece of American realism.”

--Written at a time during his career in which he was able to balance his cynicism with humor, it shows his true literary genius through his masterful use of dialect, his balance of romanticism and realism, humor and pathos, innocence and evil, optimism and pessimism, and his talent for pure adventure.

“The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County”

STRUCTURE:

The story is a TALL TALE, which had its beginnings in the mining camps of the West.

It follows a popular structure of the time—the FRAME STORY. It is a story within a story, told by two narrators. The “frame” (outer story, which is the excuse for the inner story) is the educated traveler (first person narrator), who meets a country bumpkin (Simon Wheeler), who proceeds to deliver a short, usually funny story; the difference in manners and speech of the two characters is usually exaggerated, perhaps to make fun of the culture of both. In this case, the overall narrator uses standard speech and Simon Wheeler the dialect of an uneducated westerner.

TECHNIQUE:

In Twain’s essay “How to Tell a Story,” he writes that the “humorous story is told gravely” and that the teller should “conceal the fact that he even dimly suspects […] there is anything funny.” Wheeler follows this rule. His tale is considered by the narrator to be boring and tedious (the narrator says Wheeler would “bore me to death” and that he reeled off a “monotonous narrative”); the reader thereby shares a joke with Wheeler at the narrator’s expense; his Eastern sensibilities (even though he’s the “educated” one) keeps him from getting the joke.

SYMBOLISM:

Twain infuses his characters’ names with symbolism, which adds to the satire of the story. Twain is not only satirizing Eastern pretensions but also politicians:

· Simon Wheeler—free-wheeling “yarn spinner”

· Smiley—eternally optimistic (optimism and promise of the unsettled West)

· Andrew Jackson (the bull-pup)—the real Jackson was known for tenacity in battle; ferocity, ruggedness, iron will, and spirit

· Daniel Webster (the frog)—the real Webster was a great orator; in his desire for harmony, he was accused of “straddling the fence” on political issues; jumping from one side to the other

THEMES:

1 Twain ridicules Eastern customs and manners (through the narrator’s arrogant speech and behavior) and extols the sincerity, informality, and openness of the West (through Wheeler’s simplicity, honesty, and naivete).

2 Twain admires the common sense of the frontier; the ingenuity necessary for survival; the democratic spirit of the West.

3 Twain champions the underdog: the stranger’s ingenuity helps him outwit the haughty and proud Jim Smiley.

Naturalism

--Naturalism was a logical progression from realism and has been called “extreme realism”; it, like realism, grew out of the great scientific awakening of the nineteenth century.

--Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) greatly affected all aspects of man’s thinking and, therefore, the literature of the day.

--Naturalist tenets are the following:

1 Man is a product of his animal instincts over which he has no control (biological determinism). He is driven by fundamental urges—fear, hunger, sex. De-emphasizes man’s spirituality, his soul. Man has no special place in the universe.

2 Man is a product of social and economic factors. Only the strong survive; the weak are destroyed (environmental determinism). One does not reach a higher order through goodness, virtue, or morality, but through a greater strength of constitution.

3 Nature/God/Fate is indifferent to man’s plight on earth (see Crane’s poem “A Man Said to the Universe” and “The Open Boat”).

4 Reality is in the violent and sensational, not in the ordinary events of life.

5 A writer must face up to this violence and report it with scientific detachment and impartiality.

--The naturalists as a group were fatalists and pessimists, seeing life as a cruel joke, a vicious trap of which man has little understanding and over which he has no control.

--It has been said that the romantics looked at a flower and saw its beauty;

the realists looked at a flower and saw its petals and leaves, brown spots and all;

the naturalists looked at a flower and saw it decaying and dying.

Stephen Crane (1871-1900)

--leading naturalist writer

--His life, like his writing, was brief and intense.

--Born the fourteenth child of a Methodist minister and a teacher in New Jersey, his earliest ambition was to be a soldier, and he attended military school. He was an apprentice “cub” reporter at his brother’s newspaper.

--Crane never finished college. He was more interested in sports than studies and had wanted to be a professional baseball player.

--At the age of 20, as a free lance writer, he spent two years in the poverty-stricken section of New York called the Bowery, acquainting himself with flophouses, saloons, police stations, learning first-hand “how the other half lived.”

--These experiences were translated into the first naturalistic American novel, Maggie, A Girl of the Streets (1893).

--Publishers refused it because of its shocking, savage, and sordid subject matter; Crane published it himself under a pseudonym.

--It is the story of a weak flower that “blossomed in a mud puddle”; daughter of drunken and brutal parents, seduced by a bartender and abandoned by him, Maggie turns to prostitution and finally drowns herself.

--Two years later in 1895, The Red Badge of Courage was published; Crane was 24 years old. The book was immediately successful, and Crane was hailed as a genius.

--It is the story of a young boy facing his cowardice in Civil War battles. Crane had been born after the Civil War and had never experienced war, yet these passages were so authentic that Civil War veterans praised them as exactly right. Crane had written them from stories, letters, journals, and pictures from the war.

--Fame brought journalistic assignments as a war correspondent, and, after experiencing war first-hand in Greece, he wrote to a friend, “The Red Badge is all right.”

--Crane produced short stories and poetry in the next few years of traveling and used his own experiences in stories such as “The Open Boat.”

--Crane lived a bohemian life—rebelled against society’s dictated rules; he lived with his common-law wife, Cora Taylor.

--He died in a hospital in Germany at the age of 28 of tuberculosis.

HIS WORK

--Crane is best in short stories; complexity of characters was not his strong suit—his characters tend to type; often they do not have names but are symbols of emotions or states of mind.

--He freely used symbolism and a literary technique called impressionism in which an author paints a picture of his characters or scenes as they appear to his individual temperament at a precise moment rather than as they are in actuality.

“The Open Boat”

Themes:

*Story goes beyond the typical conflict of man versus nature; the sea (representative of Nature/God/Fate) is an elemental force “flexing its muscles,” either totally indifferent to man’s struggle for survival or cruelly playing tricks on the insignificant human beings.

*Man is insignificant as symbolized by the fact that each of the characters is too unimportant to have individual identities. Only the oiler (Billie) is named, and he is doomed, as if to be noticed by nature is dangerous.

*The bleakness of the story is balanced by the “subtle brotherhood” that exists among the men and escalates as the story progresses.

*With experience comes interpretive knowledge; in the end the men feel that having experienced the true nature of the sea, they can now “interpret” her voice (page 1508).

Technique:

*Story follows a “hope-despair” pattern.

*Symbolism is used throughout: the sea is gray, denoting hopelessness; the land is green, denoting hope but cannot be reached (see also symbolism of the men being nameless above; the symbolism of the lighthouse below).

*Irony is apparent, the most obvious example being the twist on the “survival of the fittest” idea; the oiler is the fittest, is leading the race for survival, but is the only one to die.

*Impressionism: page 1492 (of the sea)

page 1494 (of the gull)

page 1507 (of the naked “savior”)

*Naturalism: Tone of the story is itself an example of naturalism. Story is reported unemotionally; it neither conveys the extent of the suffering of the men nor attempts to explain the meaning of their experience.

page 1492-man fights Fate but it is indifferent to him; what happens to man is beyond his control and his understanding.

page 1497-every time it seems the men will be saved, the “sacred cheese of life” is snatched away.

page 1503-man believes he has individual worth, but nature regards him as utterly dispensable

page 1505-nature (God) is indifferent to man’s plight, as symbolized by the tower (the giant) and the men (the ants)

page 1507-man sees himself as worthy

Study Guide—Unit 4 Whitman-Crane

AS ALWAYS, KNOW EACH AUTHOR’S FULL NAME AND HOW TO SPELL IT. KNOW EACH WORK WE READ BY HIM/HER OR WITH WHICH WE CONNECTED HIM/HER AND HOW TO SPELL AND PUNCTUATE EACH WORK CORRECTLY.

1 It is said of Whitman that he fulfilled the promise of Romanticism while bridging the way to Modernist forms. In what ways did he fulfill the promise of Romanticism? In what ways did his work point to modernism?

2 Whitman went through a life-altering change. What was he like before the change in dress, style of writing, thinking? What was he like afterwards?

3 What three things influenced Whitman, causing this change? Be familiar with Whitman’s quote concerning Emerson’s influence on him and its meaning based on the change discussed in #2.

4 What was the public and critical response to Leaves of Grass? What was offensive about it to others?

5 How is Leaves of Grass literally Whitman’s life work? How many editions were published?

6 Two ironies are evident in Whitman’s acceptance and non-acceptance with the public. What are they?

7 What ideas do we see in Song of Myself concerning the Over-soul? Whitman’s nationalism? Opposite equals advance-what does this mean? Review the poem and its major themes.

8 In answering the central question, “What is the grass?” what answers does the poet give?

9 What writer we previously studied had a great influence on Whitman’s ideas? What are some of the ideas we see in Song of Myself that came from this writer?

10 What was Whitman’s nickname late in life? What did he do during the Civil War?

11 What was Dickinson doing stylistically in her poetry simultaneously with Whitman? What did she say when asked if she had read Whitman’s work?

12 Review each poem by Dickinson that we discussed. What seems to be her view on death? Success is counted sweetest by whom? Why is “I like to see it lap the miles” different from most Dickinson poems? What are three possible meanings of the fly in “I heard a fly buzz—when I died”?

13 What was the nickname given to Dickinson? How many of her poems were published during her lifetime? How many poems were found after her death?

14 Who were the three “preceptors” Dickinson used to stay in touch with the world? Learn their full names, who they were, and what influence each had on her writing.

15 Discuss realism as a literary movement. Know three attributes of the realists’ writing.

16 Explain some differences in Romantic literature and realist literature. What is a term often associated with realism?

17 Who was the spokesman for literary realism? Who was the first great realist writer?

18 What was Mark Twain’s boyhood hometown, which was used as the setting for most of his works? What influence did the Mississippi River have on Twain’s interests and writing? What was Twain’s real name? What is the origin of his pseudonym?

19 What is Twain’s most famous novel? What short story brought him his first literary success?

20 Explain Twain’s Civil War experiences.

21 What western literary genre influenced his writing?

22 What issues and events influenced Twain’s bitter and nihilistic view of life in later years?

23 Look over you notes on “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.”

24 In what way did Twain blend romanticism and realism in his most famous novel?

25 How did science and Darwinian theory give birth to the naturalist movement in literature?

26 What was Darwin’s famous book?

27 Be able to discuss five beliefs of the naturalist writer.

28 Who was the great naturalist writer that we studied?

29 Why did Crane choose to live in the Bowery district of New York? What novel came from this experience? How was it accepted? Why?

30 What novel brought Crane overnight success and acceptance as a writer and is still considered to be his masterpiece?

31 What is the plot of that novel? What is unusual about Crane’s being able to portray war so realistically? After working as a war correspondent in Greece, Crane wrote a famous line to a friend concerning his novel. What was the comment and what did he mean?

32 What are Crane’s writing strengths? Weaknesses?

33 What is impressionism? Give an example from “The Open Boat.”

34 Review your notes on “The Open Boat” and “A Man Said to the Universe.” How can we see naturalist ideas in each of these works?