Annotated Bibliography
Evonth
Lectureslides-Edited.zipLecture slides - Edited/bbs200-session-1-jr-110618.pptx
Workshop 1 (sessions 1-2): Introduction to BBS200
TMay, 2018
Dr Juergen Rudolph
Agenda
Self-introduction & teaching & learning philosophy
Unit objectives
Assessment Tasks & Deadlines…
Q&A
Introduction to Business Research
Theory X versus Theory Y
Art of War versus Art of Collaboration
Why Business Research is awesome & important…
We live in a knowledge economy and thus have to be lifelong learners.
Especially routine and repetitive jobs are increasingly automated via robots and smart algorithms…
Having a solid foundation in (business) research enables you to value-add to your organisation…
Make better-informed decisions in your personal lives…
The aim of the unit is to provide students with the opportunity to develop a critical understanding of the value of research in the business context in order to address management dilemmas.
Aims of the unit:
prepare you to better understand how research informs practice within the business discipline;
enable you to independently examine and critique existing research;
provide opportunities for you to develop conceptual and analytical skills involved in research problem formulation, and conducting literature reviews; and
develop appropriate communication skills in the preparation of assessable course work.
Intended Learning Outcomes
Describe how research can be applied in solving management dilemmas (LO1);
Critically evaluate research based on a given set of criteria (LO2);
Identify, characterise and understand the rationale for using different research approaches in business research (LO3);
Describe the principles involved in selecting research methodology and research methods (LO4); and
Retrieve, synthesise, evaluate and report on information/data used in business research (LO5).
How you set yourself up for success
Actively watch podcasts prior to workshop – watch and take notes
Turn up for workshops and participate
Submit assignments via the LMS on time, follow guidelines
Seek help when required
Carefully read the Unit Information & Learning Guide (UILG) and make sure you understand assignments, referencing, LMS, attendance
Bloom’s Taxonomy—Revised
| Bloom's Original Taxonomy | Anderson's Revised Taxonomy |
| Knowledge | Remembering |
| Comprehension | Understanding |
| Application | Applying |
| Analysis | Analyzing |
| Synthesis | Evaluating |
| Evaluation | Creating |
Annotated bibliography (1)
Annotated bibliography (2)
‘Speed-mate’ exercise (1)
Time: 15 minutes
Write down three questions that you ask a potential mate if you only had three minutes.
Try to meet at least five potential mates… (10 minutes). Move along after two minutes.
‘Speed-mate’ exercise (2)
What type of questions did you ask?
What questions helped to get an idea of someone, what questions did not…
Speed-mate exercise (3)
What we just did is research.
Examples…
Retailers….Why is this brand of jeans not selling? How can we encourage shoppers to increase their spend…How can we encourage shopper loyalty?
Managers …why are my staff not productive? Why can’t John and Jeanie work together?
Professionals face these kinds of problems every day and they have to be able to conduct research to resolve the problems. This is what this unit is about…it is about helping professionals to solve real business problems.
Lecture podcast review
Give reasons why we should study business research. What is business research?
What are the differences between basic and applied research?
What are the three major philosophical positions? Briefly describe them.
What is the difference between deduction and induction?
Some reasons why we should study business research…
Research provides you with the knowledge and skills needed for the fast-paced decision-making environment.
To gather more information before selecting a course of action in business such as introducing a leadership development programme, paying for product advertising, before buying software, before switching internet providers….
To conduct a high-level research study
To understand research design
To assess the quality of research studies
To establish a career as a research specialist
To solve business and management problems
What is business research?
A systematic inquiry, the objective of which is to provide information to solve managerial dilemmas.
What are the differences between basic and applied research?
Basic Research or Pure Research
more directed to solve theoretical problems and paradoxes
to determine or establish fundamental facts and resliationships within a field of study
develop theories
Applied Research
more directed to provide the base for immediate managerial decisions
undertaken specifically for the purpose of obtaining information to help resolve a particular problem
The distinction between the two is APPLICATION.
Basic research has limited application to real world policy and management but could be done to guide applied research.
Applied research is all about trying to solve problems, dilemmas, find answers to management, and business problems.
What are the three major philosophical positions? Briefly describe the three major positions.
(1) Positivism
The researcher views the nature of reality as being external, objective and independent of social actors.
The researchers view regarding what constitutes acceptable knowledge. Only observable phenomena can provide credible data, facts. Focus on causality and law like generalisations, reducing phenomena to simplest elements.
Research is value free.
Researcher is independent of the data and maintains an objective stance.
Highly structured, large samples, measurement, generally quantitative but can be qualitative.
(2) Interpretivism
The researcher views the nature of reality as being ssocially constructed, subjective, may change, multiple realities.
Social world is constructed and given meaning subjectively by people.
Research is value bound.
The researcher is part of what is being researched, cannot be separated and so will be subjective.
Research is driven by interests.
(3) Realism
Is objective, that is, it exists independent of human thoughts and beliefs or knowledge of their existence (realist), but is interpreted through social conditioning (critical realist).
Observable phenomena provide credible data, facts, insufficient data means inaccuracies in sensations. Alternatively, phenomena create sensations which are open to misinterpretation (critical realism). Focus on explaining within a context or contexts.
Research is value laden; the researcher is biased by world views, cultural experiences and upbringing. These will impact on research.
Methods chosen must fit the subject matter, can be quantitative or qualitative.
Deduction and Induction are two distinct methods of reasoning
Deduction emphasises
General to specific or top down
Scientific principles
Moving from theory to data
The need to explain causal relationships
Collection of quantitative data
Theory – hypothesis – observation – confirmation
Induction emphasises
Bottom up reasoning.
Gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events
A close understanding of the research context
Collection of qualitative data
Think Pair Share Activity
Referencing Revision: 20 Minutes
In pairs, answer the following questions. You can use any materials or devices that you have at hand.
Which referencing style do you have to use in this unit?
References in the body of a paragraph are called?
A reference list contains all the references used in your assignment. How should your reference list be ordered?
What part of the reference is italicised in a reference list?
Why is referencing important?
What is it called when you use someone else’s work and don’t cite the reference?
Why do academics care so much about referencing?
What is research?
Research
Investigation, organised, systematic
Produces data which when analysed helps us to understand things
27
Business Research
a systematic inquiry to solve management dilemmas
Knowledge and skills
Fast paced decision making
28
4 Research Studies
Descriptive answers who, what, when, where and sometimes how questions
Explanatory theory based answering why and how questions
Reporting account or summary of data
Predictive theory based attempting to predict future events
Most
29
Different Styles of Research
Applied Research
Basic Research
Theoretical
Expand knowledge
Practical
Problem Solving
Managerial decisions
30
Deductive
Inductive
Positivism
Realism
Objectivism
Constructivism
Interpretivism
Quantitative Methods
Qualitative Methods
Position on theory
And research
Epistemological
orientation
Ontological
orientation
Research Philosophies
Diagram adapted from:
http :// www.gpmfirst.com/books/designs-methods-and-practices-research-project-management/ontology-and-epistemology
Retrieved 29/6/2016
31
Think Pair Share (15 minutes)
(1) Briefly describe the 6 stages of the business research process.
(2) What is a management dilemma? Provide three examples of management dilemmas that might arise in an organisation.
(3) Why is it important to clearly define the research problem? What are the dangers of not clearly defining the research problem?
Briefly describe the six stages of the business research process.
Problem discovery and definition – where the research objectives are defined
Planning the research design – where the researcher determines the basic research method that will be used
Sampling – where the research determines when and how they are going to obtain a sample
Data gathering - Collecting the data that is conducting the interviews, survey or experiment
Data processing and analysis – which involves coding the data and analysing the data
Drawing conclusions and preparing a report
Business Research Process
Phase 1
Problem detection and definition
Phase 2
Research Design
Phase 3
Sample Design
Phase 4
Data Collection
Phase 5
Data processing and Analysis
Phase 6
Drawing Conclusions and Reporting
Primary (initial discussions) and/or
Secondary Research (academic literature, reports, ABS data)
Output: Document the Research objectives
Selection of research methodology, design, tools and ethics approach.
Output: Develop Research Proposal
Selection of sample design
Probability or Non-probability
Output: Detailed Sample Design
Gatekeeper negotiations, access, fieldwork
Gather data
Output: Data
Clean, process and analyse data
Output: Preliminary findings
Develop conclusions and/or recommendations; produce report (technical, short, academic)
Output: Report and/or presentation
What is a management dilemma? Provide three examples of management dilemmas that might arise in an organisation.
A management dilemma refers to a current problem. Managers or employees can see that there is a problem...something is not right with the business. Examples include:
increasing customer complaints
increased staff turnover
Low sales
Supply can’t keep up with demand from customers
Low profit levels
Why is it important to clearly define the research problem? What are the dangers of not clearly defining the research problem?
The definition of the research problems provides direction to the investigation.
Careful problem definition allows the researcher to define the project research objective.
When the purpose of the research is clear, it is more likely that the necessary and relevant information will be collected.
NOT clearly defining the research problem means the researcher may not solve the management dilemma. OR the research may not collect the data necessary to solve the problem.
Activity
5 Minutes
Students to work in small groups of 3 or 4 to answer the following:
Develop a memory device for remembering the 6 steps in the research process.
Management research question hierarchy
Research
Dilemma
Management questions
What symptoms causing managements concern?
How can management eliminate the negative symptoms?
What plausible courses of action are available?
What does the manager need to know to choose the best alternative from actions available?
What should be asked or observed to obtain the information the manager needs?
What is the recommended course of action given the research findings?
1
2
Research questions
3
Investigative questions
4
Measurement questions
5
Decision
6
and capital productivity?
38
How can we remember the management research question hierarchy?
Just remember lor…
5W + 1 H / D at the end at the beginning, four types of questions in-between
Remember (= RM) RIM-D
Run Mother Run, I make dinner
EXAMPLE Management research question hierarchy
Research
Dilemma
Management questions
Why is the sale of our beer declining?
How can we improve beer sales?
Should we advertise more? Should we lower the price of our beer? Should we change the recipe?
What % of customers will we lose if we change the recipe? Will increased advertising improve sales?
Do you prefer formula a (old) or formula b (new)?
Given the price of a can of beer has reduced to $X how many cans per week will you purchase?
Recommendation/s to improve beer sales.
1
2
Research questions
3
Investigative questions
4
Measurement questions
5
Decision
6
40
Prep for session 2
Read the UILG thoroughly
Read chapters 1-4 of textbook
Watch podcasts
Read the Case Study on LMS: Bliss artists: can we measure happiness?
Attempt knowledge check quizzes on LMS
Lecture slides - Edited/bbs200-session-1-jr-may-2018.pptx
Workshop 1 (sessions 1-2): Introduction to BBS200
TMay, 2018
Dr Juergen Rudolph
Agenda
Self-introduction & teaching & learning philosophy
Unit objectives
Assessment Tasks & Deadlines…
Q&A
Introduction to Business Research
Self-Introduction: Lifelong Learner
Studied: Business Administration, Education, Sociology, Anthropology, Philosophy, Musicology, and Social Work.
MBA (University of Louisville, KY);
M.Ed. (University of Adelaide);
M.A. & PhD (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany);
SDALT (Republic Polytechnic, Singapore);
ACTA (Institute of Adult Learning, Singapore).
Authored book on the social history of Singapore, co-edited two books on the Asian crisis, and wrote numerous journal articles. Co-editor of JALT.
Self-introduction: University of hard knocks
Held various management positions in Private Education Institutions in Singapore.
In 2005, presented with the The Spirit of Enterprise Award by former President of Singapore, SR Nathan.
Self-introduction: teaching experience
Main areas of interest: Knowledge Management, International Management, Business Research, Higher Ed & Investing.
More than 20 years of teaching experience: undergraduate and postgraduate modules for Murdoch University; University College Dublin; Northumbria University; Royal Holloway, University of London; University of Essex etc.
Teaching for Murdoch University since 2012 and BBS200 since May 2017.
Theory X versus Theory Y
Art of War versus Art of Collaboration
There are no stupid questions!
(Only dumb answers by the facilitator.)
My contact details
Email: [email protected]
Including the following info in emails will make our communication more efficient:
Your full name
Your class, e.g. BBS200-A.
State the purpose of your email
What do you need me to do (if anything)
Mobile: 93805703 (largely for emergencies)
Why Business Research is awesome & important…
We live in a knowledge economy and thus have to be lifelong learners.
Especially routine and repetitive jobs are increasingly automated via robots and smart algorithms…
Having a solid foundation in (business) research enables you to value-add to your organisation…
Make better-informed decisions in your personal lives…
Mentimeter exercise: What do you want to get out of this unit? https://www.mentimeter.com/s/0e067a3cde10cc8148ec9a2169f21504/55c51fbb0916
Grab your phone (or tablet or laptop).
Go to www.menti.com
Enter the code and vote.
The aim of the unit is to provide students with the opportunity to develop a critical understanding of the value of research in the business context in order to address management dilemmas.
Aims of the unit:
prepare you to better understand how research informs practice within the business discipline;
enable you to independently examine and critique existing research;
provide opportunities for you to develop conceptual and analytical skills involved in research problem formulation, and conducting literature reviews; and
develop appropriate communication skills in the preparation of assessable course work.
Intended Learning Outcomes
Describe how research can be applied in solving management dilemmas (LO1);
Critically evaluate research based on a given set of criteria (LO2);
Identify, characterise and understand the rationale for using different research approaches in business research (LO3);
Describe the principles involved in selecting research methodology and research methods (LO4); and
Retrieve, synthesise, evaluate and report on information/data used in business research (LO5).
How you set yourself up for success
Actively watch podcasts prior to workshop – watch and take notes
Turn up for workshops and participate
Submit assignments via the LMS on time, follow guidelines
Seek help when required
Carefully read the Unit Information & Learning Guide (UILG) and make sure you understand assignments, referencing, LMS, attendance
Study Schedule & Assessments (1)
Study Schedule & Assessments (2)
Assessments
Workshop Participation (10%)
As there is a participation component to this course, it is vital that all workshop sessions are attended.
It is important for you to prepare for and participate in the workshops. Merely attending a workshop will NOT contribute to the workshop participation mark. You will be awarded marks for your participation in the workshop discussion, participation in activities and completion of questions.
In order to complete this component, you should:
Attend every workshop.
Actively watch the podcasts, complete the online activities, read the chapters, read case studies. In general, it is expected that you should come to workshops prepared to participate, discuss and debate.
Actively participate in the workshop and submit any workshop activities as requested.
Bloom’s Taxonomy—Revised
| Bloom's Original Taxonomy | Anderson's Revised Taxonomy |
| Knowledge | Remembering |
| Comprehension | Understanding |
| Application | Applying |
| Analysis | Analyzing |
| Synthesis | Evaluating |
| Evaluation | Creating |
Annotated bibliography (1)
Annotated bibliography (2)
‘Speed-mate’ exercise (1)
Time: 15 minutes
Write down three questions that you ask a potential mate if you only had three minutes.
Try to meet at least five potential mates… (10 minutes). Move along after two minutes.
‘Speed-mate’ exercise (2)
What type of questions did you ask?
What questions helped to get an idea of someone, what questions did not…
Speed-mate exercise (3)
What we just did is research.
Examples…
Retailers….Why is this brand of jeans not selling? How can we encourage shoppers to increase their spend…How can we encourage shopper loyalty?
Managers …why are my staff not productive? Why can’t John and Jeanie work together?
Professionals face these kinds of problems every day and they have to be able to conduct research to resolve the problems. This is what this unit is about…it is about helping professionals to solve real business problems.
Lecture podcast review
Give reasons why we should study business research. What is business research?
What are the differences between basic and applied research?
What are the three major philosophical positions? Briefly describe them.
What is the difference between deduction and induction?
Some reasons why we should study business research…
Research provides you with the knowledge and skills needed for the fast-paced decision-making environment.
To gather more information before selecting a course of action in business such as introducing a leadership development programme, paying for product advertising, before buying software, before switching internet providers….
To conduct a high-level research study
To understand research design
To assess the quality of research studies
To establish a career as a research specialist
To solve business and management problems
What is business research?
A systematic inquiry, the objective of which is to provide information to solve managerial dilemmas.
What are the differences between basic and applied research?
Basic Research or Pure Research
more directed to solve theoretical problems and paradoxes
to determine or establish fundamental facts and resliationships within a field of study
develop theories
Applied Research
more directed to provide the base for immediate managerial decisions
undertaken specifically for the purpose of obtaining information to help resolve a particular problem
The distinction between the two is APPLICATION.
Basic research has limited application to real world policy and management but could be done to guide applied research.
Applied research is all about trying to solve problems, dilemmas, find answers to management, and business problems.
What are the three major philosophical positions? Briefly describe the three major positions.
(1) Positivism
The researcher views the nature of reality as being external, objective and independent of social actors.
The researchers view regarding what constitutes acceptable knowledge. Only observable phenomena can provide credible data, facts. Focus on causality and law like generalisations, reducing phenomena to simplest elements.
Research is value free.
Researcher is independent of the data and maintains an objective stance.
Highly structured, large samples, measurement, generally quantitative but can be qualitative.
(2) Interpretivism
The researcher views the nature of reality as being ssocially constructed, subjective, may change, multiple realities.
Social world is constructed and given meaning subjectively by people.
Research is value bound.
The researcher is part of what is being researched, cannot be separated and so will be subjective.
Research is driven by interests.
(3) Realism
Is objective, that is, it exists independent of human thoughts and beliefs or knowledge of their existence (realist), but is interpreted through social conditioning (critical realist).
Observable phenomena provide credible data, facts, insufficient data means inaccuracies in sensations. Alternatively, phenomena create sensations which are open to misinterpretation (critical realism). Focus on explaining within a context or contexts.
Research is value laden; the researcher is biased by world views, cultural experiences and upbringing. These will impact on research.
Methods chosen must fit the subject matter, can be quantitative or qualitative.
Deduction and Induction are two distinct methods of reasoning
Deduction emphasises
General to specific or top down
Scientific principles
Moving from theory to data
The need to explain causal relationships
Collection of quantitative data
Theory – hypothesis – observation – confirmation
Induction emphasises
Bottom up reasoning.
Gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events
A close understanding of the research context
Collection of qualitative data
Think Pair Share Activity
Referencing Revision: 20 Minutes
In pairs, answer the following questions. You can use any materials or devices that you have at hand.
Which referencing style do you have to use in this unit?
References in the body of a paragraph are called?
A reference list contains all the references used in your assignment. How should your reference list be ordered?
What part of the reference is italicised in a reference list?
Why is referencing important?
What is it called when you use someone else’s work and don’t cite the reference?
Why do academics care so much about referencing?
What is research?
Research
Investigation, organised, systematic
Produces data which when analysed helps us to understand things
37
Business Research
a systematic inquiry to solve management dilemmas
Knowledge and skills
Fast paced decision making
38
4 Research Studies
Descriptive answers who, what, when, where and sometimes how questions
Explanatory theory based answering why and how questions
Reporting account or summary of data
Predictive theory based attempting to predict future events
Most
39
Different Styles of Research
Applied Research
Basic Research
Theoretical
Expand knowledge
Practical
Problem Solving
Managerial decisions
40
Deductive
Inductive
Positivism
Realism
Objectivism
Constructivism
Interpretivism
Quantitative Methods
Qualitative Methods
Position on theory
And research
Epistemological
orientation
Ontological
orientation
Research Philosophies
Diagram adapted from:
http :// www.gpmfirst.com/books/designs-methods-and-practices-research-project-management/ontology-and-epistemology
Retrieved 29/6/2016
41
Think Pair Share (15 minutes)
(1) Briefly describe the 6 stages of the business research process.
(2) What is a management dilemma? Provide three examples of management dilemmas that might arise in an organisation.
(3) Why is it important to clearly define the research problem? What are the dangers of not clearly defining the research problem?
Briefly describe the six stages of the business research process.
Problem discovery and definition – where the research objectives are defined
Planning the research design – where the researcher determines the basic research method that will be used
Sampling – where the research determines when and how they are going to obtain a sample
Data gathering - Collecting the data that is conducting the interviews, survey or experiment
Data processing and analysis – which involves coding the data and analysing the data
Drawing conclusions and preparing a report
Business Research Process
Phase 1
Problem detection and definition
Phase 2
Research Design
Phase 3
Sample Design
Phase 4
Data Collection
Phase 5
Data processing and Analysis
Phase 6
Drawing Conclusions and Reporting
Primary (initial discussions) and/or
Secondary Research (academic literature, reports, ABS data)
Output: Document the Research objectives
Selection of research methodology, design, tools and ethics approach.
Output: Develop Research Proposal
Selection of sample design
Probability or Non-probability
Output: Detailed Sample Design
Gatekeeper negotiations, access, fieldwork
Gather data
Output: Data
Clean, process and analyse data
Output: Preliminary findings
Develop conclusions and/or recommendations; produce report (technical, short, academic)
Output: Report and/or presentation
What is a management dilemma? Provide three examples of management dilemmas that might arise in an organisation.
A management dilemma refers to a current problem. Managers or employees can see that there is a problem...something is not right with the business. Examples include:
increasing customer complaints
increased staff turnover
Low sales
Supply can’t keep up with demand from customers
Low profit levels
Why is it important to clearly define the research problem? What are the dangers of not clearly defining the research problem?
The definition of the research problems provides direction to the investigation.
Careful problem definition allows the researcher to define the project research objective.
When the purpose of the research is clear, it is more likely that the necessary and relevant information will be collected.
NOT clearly defining the research problem means the researcher may not solve the management dilemma. OR the research may not collect the data necessary to solve the problem.
Activity
5 Minutes
Students to work in small groups of 3 or 4 to answer the following:
Develop a memory device for remembering the 6 steps in the research process.
Management research question hierarchy
Research
Dilemma
Management questions
What symptoms causing managements concern?
How can management eliminate the negative symptoms?
What plausible courses of action are available?
What does the manager need to know to choose the best alternative from actions available?
What should be asked or observed to obtain the information the manager needs?
What is the recommended course of action given the research findings?
1
2
Research questions
3
Investigative questions
4
Measurement questions
5
Decision
6
and capital productivity?
48
How can we remember the management research question hierarchy?
Just remember lor…
5W + 1 H / D at the end at the beginning, four types of questions in-between
Remember (= RM) RIM-D
Run Mother Run, I make dinner
EXAMPLE Management research question hierarchy
Research
Dilemma
Management questions
Why is the sale of our beer declining?
How can we improve beer sales?
Should we advertise more? Should we lower the price of our beer? Should we change the recipe?
What % of customers will we lose if we change the recipe? Will increased advertising improve sales?
Do you prefer formula a (old) or formula b (new)?
Given the price of a can of beer has reduced to $X how many cans per week will you purchase?
Recommendation/s to improve beer sales.
1
2
Research questions
3
Investigative questions
4
Measurement questions
5
Decision
6
50
Prep for session 2
Read the UILG thoroughly
Read chapters 1-4 of textbook
Watch podcasts
Read the Case Study on LMS: Bliss artists: can we measure happiness?
Attempt knowledge check quizzes on LMS
Lecture slides - Edited/bbs200-sessions5-6-jr-for-circulation.pptx
BBS200 Sessions 5-6
Dr Juergen Rudolph
June 2018
1
Agenda
Recap of workshops 1-2 (MCQ)
Chapter 6 – sampling (Q&A and Guinness case study)
Chapter 9 – data collection (Data mining case study)
Annotated Bibliography (AB) assignment discussion
Referencing test and recap
Some MCQs to recap the first two workshops (1)
A useful way to approach the research process is to state the basic dilemma that prompts the research and then…
A. Start finding solutions
B. Develop questions
C. Breaking down the original question into other more specific questions using the management research question hierarchy
D. Breaking down the original question into more specific questions
Some MCQs to recap the first two sessions (1)
A useful way to approach the research process is to state the basic dilemma that prompts the research and then…
A. Start finding solutions
B. Develop questions
C. Breaking down the original question into other more specific questions using the management research question hierarchy
D. Breaking down the original question into more specific questions
ANSWER: C
Sampling Introduction to Data Sampling
BBS200
Understanding Business Research: An introductory Approach
5
Questions on sampling
(1) What is a population?
(2) What is a sample?
(3) What is data sampling?
(4) Why do researchers use a sample?
(5) Describe the factors that should be considered to ensure a ‘good’ sample?
(6) What is the difference between a Probability sample and a non-probability sample?
What is a population?
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics a population is any complete group with at least one characteristic in common.
That is all the employees who work for Myer, all the accountants in Australia, all the surf-lifesavers in Western Australia, or the farmers in the South West, all the economists in the public service…
Populations are not just people. Populations may consist of, but are not limited to, businesses, buildings, computers, farms, objects or events.
A population may be studied using one of two approaches: taking a census, or selecting a sample.
What is a sample?
A sample is a subset of units in a population, selected to represent all units in a population of interest. Information from the sample is used to estimate the characteristics for the entire population of interest.
What is data sampling?
Sampling is selecting a portion of the population, in your research area, which will be a representation of the whole population.
Why do researchers use a sample?
Save time and money…very costly to use the whole population, and very difficult.
Describe the factors that should be considered to ensure a ‘good’ sample?
The ultimate test of a sample design is how well it represents the characteristics of the population you are studying.
In measurement terms, the sample must be valid. Validity of a sample depends on two considerations: accuracy and precision.
What is the difference between a Probability sample and a non-probability sample?
Probability (or random) and non-probability (or non-random) sampling.
Flowchart: Business Research Process
Note: Diamond-shaped boxes indicate stages in the research process in which a choice of one or more techniques must be made. The dotted line indicates an alternative path that skips exploratory research.
Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C., & Griffin, M. (2013). Business Research Methods. 9th ed. Mason, OH: South Western Cengage Learning.
2
1
3
1
3
4
5
6
13
Sampling Terminology
Census
Population
Sample
sampling
14
Nature of Sampling
1. Relevant
2. Parameters of interest
3. Sampling Frame
4. Type of Sample
5. Sample size
6. Cost
15
Unit of Analysis
Unit of analysis depends on:
What is the research problem, i.e. on what level do you look for answers?
At what level do we need information, what do we measure?
At what level do we want to implement the answers found?
16
Countries
Sectors
Firms
Departments
Teams
Employees
Decisions
Why sample?
Lower costs (budget)
Greater speed (time)
Availability of sample elements
Greater accuracy trade-off between
asking everybody
versus
obtaining better and more data from a representative subgroup
17
What is a Good Sample?
Accuracy
and
Precision
18
Probability
Non-probability
Convenience
Purposive
Sampling Overview
Simple
random
Systematic
Cluster
Stratified
random
Quota
Snowball
19
Probability
Non-probability
Convenience
Purposive
Sampling Overview
Simple
random
Systematic
Cluster
Stratified
random
Quota
Snowball
20
Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7
10
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
17
20
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
27
30
29