Online exams
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/396703/pages/lecture-exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696194 1/5
Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet
Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet
Module 11
What are mitochondria and ribosomes? What are their functions?
Define gene, locus and allele, and explain the relationship between them
List the DNA nucleotides and discuss how they pair. How is this important for DNA
function?
List the components of a nucleotide.
Describe DNA structure.
Explain protein synthesis including transcription and translation, mRNA and tRNA.
What is a codon?
Where in the cell does transcription take place? Where in the cell does translation take place?
What are the building blocks of a protein? How many different kinds are there? How does the sequence of DNA
determine the order of these building blocks?
Explain the difference between point mutations and frame shift mutations, and discuss their effects on the
information coded in DNA.
List three structural differences between DNA and RNA. What is the difference in function of DNA and RNA?
List the RNA nucleotides and discuss how they pair.
How many chromosomes are found in a normal human somatic cell? How many chromosome pairs are found
in a normal somatic cell? How many chromosomes are found in a human gamete?
What are homologous chromosomes?
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
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What are the two sex chromosomes? Which two do males have? Which two do females have?
Which parent (male or female) determines the sex of the baby? Explain why this is the case.
What mRNA strand would transcribe the following DNA segment:
T A A G A T T G C A T C
Describe two ways that genetic variation is “shuffled” during meiosis.
Describe the process of mitosis.
Describe the process of meiosis.
List the difference between mitosis and meiosis. Be specific about the number of cell divisions, location in the
body, # of daughter cells, how many and what chromosomes in daughter cells, etc.
What are reduction division and crossing over? Why are they important to meiosis?
What is trisomy 21? Explain nondisjunction and how it can lead to trisomy 21.
What is a karyotype?
Define each term and then compare & contrast (i.e., describe how similar or different):
somatic cell vs. gamete cell
prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
autosomal chromosome vs. sex chromosome
point mutation vs. frameshift mutation
nucleus vs. cytoplasm
haploid vs. diploid
Module 12
Define the following terms and be able to identify them functionally in examples: homozygous, heterozygous,
dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype.
What does it mean if an individual is purebreeding?
Define gene, locus and allele, and explain the relationship between them.
Discuss Mendel’s two principles of inheritance: segregation and independent assortment.
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
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What is a polygenic trait? What is the phenotype like for polygenic traits?
Discuss the genetic basis for the different blood types: A, B, O, and AB.
What is codominance? Discuss how the ABO blood groups are an example of this situation.
Describe how the ABO blood type determines how an individual could give or receive blood.
Explain how simple phenotypic traits may disappear in one generation but reappear in the next. What mode of
inheritance is that?
Be able to recognize autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and sexlinked traits in a pedigree analysis,
and to determine genotypes of key individuals.
Know the key features that distinguish autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex linked inheritance; for
example, skip a generation or not, different between males and females, etc.
Explain the concept of a sexlinked trait.
Explain why Xlinked recessive traits are more common in males than in females.
Work through the forensic DNA/RFLP exercises (that were in an extra credit discussion). Be sure that you are
able to work this kind of problem.
Modules 13
List and explain the four forces of evolution (i.e., processes that redistribute genetic variation or cause
changes in allele frequencies over time), and be able to identify which force is at work from an example
situation.
What are sources of new variation in a population and what are sources that shuffle preexisting variation
within a population?
Discuss the following for sickle cell anemia:
What is sickle cell anemia?
What is the genetic basis for sickle cell anemia?
What are the different phenotypes for people of different genotypes? What is the difference between sickle
cell anemia and sickle cell trait?
What is the fitness of people with different genotypes? Compare and contrast fitness in a regular
environment with a malaria environment.
How is sickle cell anemia an example of natural selection?
What is a balanced polymorphism and how is sickle cell anemia an example of one?
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
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What are the conditions that must be met for a population to NOT be evolving?
What is the HardyWeinberg theory of genetic equilibrium? How is it used?
Compare and contrast polymorphism and polygenic.
Define biological determinism.
Define eugenics.
What does it mean that humans are all members of the same polytypic species?
What are some of the problems in trying to define biological human “races?”
What is a cline?
Module 14
Define homeostasis.
Define hypoxia.
Compare and contrast adaptation and acclimatization.
What is different time frame for adaptation and acclimatization?
What is the adaptive basis for human skin color? (I.e., discuss the relationship between skin color, melanin,
sunlight and Vitamin D)
What is melanin? What is a melanocyte?
What was selective pressure for darker skin in the equator? What was selective pressure for lighter skin in
Northern latitudes?
Describe human’s physiological adaptation and acclimatization to both HOT and COLD temperature stress.
Describe Bergman’s and Allen’s rules and how they relate to long term body shape adaptation.
Discuss how lactose intolerance is an example of biocultural evolution.
Why are some people able to digest lactose throughout their lives and others lose that ability after childhood?
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01
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Describe a human’s adaptation and acclimatization to high altitude stress.
What life history stage/s is/are unique to humans?
Discuss what happens during the different human life history stages.
Describe what is unique about brain growth during the first year of life in humans.
How does diet influence growth and development, including age of menarche?
What is menopause and why might it have evolved?