How to achieve food security in the face of climate change?
jwest5
LectureBiofuelsandFood.ppt
Global food security; biofuels and food
Thursday Discussion:
Feeding or fueling the future: How to ensure food and energy security?
Submit a question before 11:59pm today
Reminders:
Exam I Essay due at 11:59pm, Oct 1
Section 1 Group C
Paris Lane, Kevin Grant, Cheryl Hansen, Roman Johnsonbaugh, Janet Liang, Mary Murdock, Melvin Tanyer
Science 20 Sep 2019:
Vol. 365, Issue 6459, eaaw6974
DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw6974
O. Hoegh-Guldberg et al. Science 2019;365:eaaw6974
Food and Fuel security
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Energy rich environment
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Future of fossil fuels?
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Bioethanol factory Burlington, IA
Agent. Erneu. Energien 2015
Rudolph Diesel (1898) Paris World expo
Peanut oil
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History of cars and engines
1864 Nikolaus August Otto first fuel driven engine (ethanol)
1892 Rudolf Diesel first diesel engine (peanut oil)
1885 Karl Benz first car with combustion engine (ethanol)
1881 Gustave Trouve first electric car
1901 Ferdinand Porsche first hybrid car
An american biofuels and biomaterials pioneer
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Price per bushel corn
$9
$8
$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
$2
$1
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2010
2015
Energy independence act 2007
EPA proposed mandate cuttings 2013
Energy policy act 2005
2007
Price per bushel corn
$9
$8
$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
$2
$1
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2010
2015
Energy independence act 2007
EPA proposed mandate cuttings 2013
Energy policy act 2005
2007
Price per bushel corn
$9
$8
$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
$2
$1
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2010
2015
Energy independence act 2007
EPA proposed mandate cuttings 2013
Energy policy act 2005
2007
Food prices and food riots
Food prices and food riots
Energy independence act 2007
Corn production in the US
Energy independence act 2007
Energy independence act 2007
Biobased industries in the US
Biobased products economy US: (ethanol, bioplastics etc.) $393 billion
Biobased industries US: 4.2 million jobs
Replacement of fossil fuel oil: 6.8 million barrel (286 million gallon)
Savings in CO2 emission: 10 million tons/year
USDA – USDA results 2016
Bioplastic products
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Ford Motor Company
advertisement 1946
Bioplastic products: bag that!!
Polyethylene bags handed out to US customers/year: 100 billion
12 mio. barrels oil/year 500 - 1000 years to decompose
14 mio. trees/year 6 -12 month to decompose
bioplastics 4 weeks to decompose
46,000 plastic pieces/mile2 ocean surface
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Global use of grain for feed, food and energy
Agent. Erneu. Energien 2015
Feed
892 mio. to
Food 1,115 mio. to
Biofuels
115 mio. to
Other uses
358 mio. to
Plants can be a source of biodiesel
Image sources: Tilo Hauke, University of Minnesota, Iowa State University Extension.
Biodiesel produced from rapeseed, algae and soybeans are replacing petroleum-derived diesel.
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soybeans 50gal/acre
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2010 Volkswagen Polo BlueMotion 1.2l TDI diesel 75 hp 80.7mpg
14K98MC7 MAN Diesel 87.220hp
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Oil palm 650 gal/acre
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Canola 180gal/acre
Modern energy mix combining biodiesel and wind
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Project Capacity (MW) State
Roscoe Wind Farm 781 Texas
Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 736 Texas
Alta Wind Energy Center 720 California
Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm 705 California
Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 Texas
San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm 619 California
Fowler Ridge Wind Farm 600 Indiana
Sweetwater Wind Farm 585 Texas
Altamont Pass Wind Farm 576 California
Buffalo Gap Wind Farm 524 Texas
Meadow Lake Wind Farm 500 Indiana
total production 190 TWh = 17.5 mio. households
total capacity 46 TWh = 4.2 mio. households
Solar powered energy production
Plants can be a source of biofuels
Energy from sunlight
Image source: Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Sugars, starches and cellulose can be fermented into ethanol
http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/placemat.shtml
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sugar cane 450-890 gal/acre
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Biofuel made in the Midwest
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corn 250-370 gal/acre
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corn 250-370 gal/acre
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Energy balance of biofuels
USDA – Chief economist office Feb. 2106
energy inputs: tractor fuel, electricity, fuel to dry grain, nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides, transport
energy efficiency bioethanol from corn 1.5 – 2.1
wet milling: energy efficiency 4.0
total biomass power from corn stover up to 58
energy inputs: prospection, drilling, pumping, transport, refinery
6 kWh for refinery of one gal. gas = 20 miles in an electric car
gasoline used for production of one gallon of gas 0.4 gal (efficiency 2.5)
Energy balance of fossil fuels
US Energy information administration Feb. 2106
Jatropha
Jojoba
Castor bean
Sunflower
Duckweed
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Miscanthus
Switchgras
Biomass sorghum
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Miscanthus
Switchgras
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Ethanol from cell wall cellulose is an important energy source
Ethanol
Image source: Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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Biofuel made from microalgae (2000 gal/acre)
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http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/placemat.shtml
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