intercultural communication ( Reflection paper )

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 1

The Nonverbal Code

Intercultural Communication: Principles and Practice.

FLAN 3440

Learning Objectives

• Define nonverbal communication.

• Compare and contrast verbal and nonverbal codes.

• Identify and define the eight different channels of nonverbal communication.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 2

Learning Objectives

• Compare and contrast the eight different channels of nonverbal communication across cultures.

• Recount the fundamental assumptions of the nonverbal expectancy violations theory.

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Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

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Definitions of Nonverbal Communication

• The messages people send to each other that do not contain words.

– Kinesic

– Occulesics

– Paralanguage

– Haptics

– Chronemics

– Proxemics

– Olfactics

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Nonverbal _______ the Verbal

• complements

• accents

• substitutes

• repeats

• contradicts

• Digital vs Analogic Communication

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Relationship Between Verbal & Nonverbal Codes

• Verbal Language is based on Symbols

• Nonverbal System is based on Signals

• Symbols are arbitrarily selected and learned stimuli representing something else

• Signals are natural and constituent parts of that which it represents

• Formal versus Informal Code Systems

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Kinesics

• Body Movement:

– Gestures

– Hand/Arm Movement

– Leg Movement

– Facial Expressions

– Eye Gaze

– Stance/Posture

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Categories of Kinesics

• Emblems (direct literal verbal translation)

• Illustrator (accent/complement what is being said)

– Metacommunicative

• Affect display (facial expressions of emotion)

– Considered universal

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Categories of Kinesics

• Regulators (behaviors/actions that govern, direct, or manage conversation)

• Adaptors (actions that satisfy physiological or psychological needs)

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Affect Displays: Facial Expressions of Emotion

• The face has the highest nonverbal sending capacity.

• Fear • Anger • Happiness • Disgust • Sadness • Surprise

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Cross-Racial Recognition of Faces

• Own-Race Identification

• Cross-Race Identification

• Contextual Cues

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Occulesics

• Study of eye contact

– an essential biological skill

– likely innate in humans and in animals as well

– culture influences eye behavior across social contexts

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Paralanguage

• Vocal qualities that typically accompany speech.

• Silence is considered paralanguage.

• Two categories:

– Voice qualities

• Examples: pitch, rhythm, tempo, articulation.

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Paralanguage

– Vocalizations

• Laughing, crying, sighing, snoring

• Intensity

• Nonfluencies

– Nonnative accents

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Proxemics

• Perception and use of space.

• Territoriality (physical geographical space)

• Personal space (perceptual or psychological space)

• Population size and socioeconomic factors affect perception of space.

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Haptics

• Tactile communication; the use of touch

• Contact, moderate-contact and noncontact cultures

• Opposite sex touch in cultures

• Touch avoidance

• Prohibited touch

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Olfactics

• Sense of smell

• Humans detect up to 10,000 different compounds by smell

• Functions of scent:

–Sex attractant

–Marker for social class distinctions

• Gender and Scent

• Relationships and Scent

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Physical Appearance and Dress

• Can communicate age, sex, and status within culture.

–India

–Japan

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Chronemics

• Nonverbal channel of time

• M-time

• P-time

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Nonverbal Communication & Dimensions of Cultural Variability

• Individualism-Collectivism

• Power Distance

• High & Low Context

• Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory

• Cultural Contexts & Nonverbal Expectancies

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Power Distance and Nonverbal Communication

• Low power distance cultures are less aware of vocalics.

• High power distance cultures avert eye contact more to show respect.

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High & Low Context & Nonverbal Communication

• Low-context cultures are more direct and talkative

• High-context cultures pay more attention to nonverbal behavior in interactions

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Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory

• Premise: people hold expectancies about the appropriateness of nonverbal behaviors in others

– These expectancies are learned and culturally driven

• When violations are committed, arousal is triggered, and an evaluation is made

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Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory

• Evaluation is dependent upon:

– The communicator

– Implicit messages associated with violation

– Evaluations of the act

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Summary

• Examined nonlinguistic ways to communicate: – Kinesics

– Oculesics

– Proxemics

– Paralanguage

– Haptics

– Olfactics

– Physical Appearance

• Explored cultural differences in nonlinguistic communication

27Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.