K172 Mid Term
S1monD
lecture8-3.pptx1
II. Points of Conflict
Built in 1925
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II. Points of Conflict
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II. Points of Conflict
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Tonga Ilbo, Dec. 10, 1935
Reporter: sacrifice of 100,000 students?
G. McCune:
“Shrine worship is against the will of God”
Cl0sed 8 mission schools in Pyongyang in 1936
II. Points of Conflict
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May 18, 1936
Vatical allowed
Shinto shrine veneration
May 16, 1939
Korean RC Church
Supported the 2nd Sino-Japanese War and its total mobilization (militarism)
--No Ki-nam, Chang Myon
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Anglicans and Methodists took
the same position
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In 1936, a new Governor-General Minami (南次郞) arrived. He pushed the policy of the total assimilation (Japanization 皇民化) of the Korean people, and mobilized the total resources of Korea for the wars.
One Shinto Shrine at each town, 1938
Pledge of the Subjects to the Emperor at the Shrine
Japanization of the School System from 1938
1) “National Identity” “Military Training”
2) Prohibition of the Korean Language
4. Volunteer System to the Japanese Army, 1938
5. Changing the Korean name into the Japanese, 1939
6. Enforced draft of the Laborers for the war
7. Enforced drafting system
8. Comfort women
9. Requisition for the war—all church bells donated
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1938
April 22 Cholla pukto 200 churches
24 Kohug
26 Namwon
28 Sintaein
29 Chollanamdo 60 churches
Sunch’on Presbytery
May 3 Kusan
4 Naju
6 Ch’ungchong amdo
11 Chonnam Presbytery
15 Mokpo
Aug. 27, 1938
Pyongyang Presbytery declared
it was not against the doctrine of the Presbyterian Church.
Presbyterial Size of the Presbyterian Church, 1934
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In the fall of 1938, the 27th General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church was held in Pyongyang. The Japanese police threatened the 400 representatives to decide to participate in the Shinto shrine worship. They had to vote for the worship as a civil ceremony compatible with Christian faith. Rev.Hong Taek-Ki, chairman, declared
"We understand that Shinto shrine worship is not a religious ceremony, and that it is not against to the Christian doctrines. As we recognize the shrine worship as the ceremony of patriotism, we should take part in the shrine worship in person and do our best as the citizens of this nation (Japan)."
Sept. 10, 1938
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a Moran-dae b Ulmil-dae c Pyongan Shinto Shrine d Central Presbyterian Church
Northern City of
Pyongyang
1930s
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Chairperson Hong (#1) and Executive leaders of
the General Assembly of the Korean Presbyterian Church, 1938
#2 Kim Kil-ch’ang pro-Japanese collaborator
#3 Secretary Kwak Chin-gŭn became chairperson in 1940
when he was 44 years old, Yet de dined in 1941
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But it was not statement that all the Christians of Korea followed up.
Many ministers including Rev. Chu Ki-ch’ŏl fought against the Shinto shrine worship on the front line.
As the results, Pyongyang Seminary had to close the door and about 200 churches was closed.
2,000 Christians were imprisoned, and 50 were martyred for keeping their faith.
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Rev. Chu Ki-Chŏl
Chu(朱基徹 1897-1944) was imprisoned five times, totally for 5 years 4 months, in 1938-1944.
He fought against the Japanese Government’s enforcement of Shinto Shrine worship to the Church.
He resisted against the militaristic Japanese Emperor system.
He raised a prophetic voice and was martyred.
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Oh Chung-Mo & Chu Ki-Chul
Rev. Chu and
Sanjŏnghyŏn Church Leaders,
Pyongyang, Nov. 1937
Theology of the glory
Theology of the cross
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