K172 Mid Term
S1monD
lecture8-1.pptxWorship or Veneration? Ancestor Worship, 1884-1910 Shinto Shrine Worship, 1936-1945 “points of conflict”
Lecture 8
I. Points of Contact
1. Hananim & God
Term Question / Tan’gun Myth
2. Worship & Prayer
3. Immortality & Eternity
4. Demon Possession & Exorcism
5. Messianic Hope & Millennialism
Tonghak / Maitreya Buddha / Chŏnggam-nok
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Ancestor Worship
Buddhist Idol Worship
3. Confucian Polygamy
4. Daoist/Confucian Geomancy
5. Shamanistic Spirit Worship
II. Points of Conflict
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3
1. Ancestor Veneration 祭祀 (祀先)
Extension of filial piety 孝
- by requiting the ancestors’ favor (報本)
- by keeping their memories alive (追遠)
Reinforcing the family ties and qi (氣)
- familyism 家族
Agnatic (父系 patrilineal) principle
Enatic (Matrilineal 母系) principle: legitimate son-centered
inheritance dispute –social issues
Confucian soteriology:
living semi-permanently with ancestors and descendants together
= continuation of the family blood lines and society
Loyalty to the King (= the state) –> State Shinto Statism
II. Points of Conflict
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Regarding the problem of ancestral veneration for Korean Christians in the late nineteenth century: In around 1,500 words, analyze two sides of Dr. Oak's historical argument (that is, do not take a side in the argument the missionaries were having): what Dr. Oak says about the Protestant missionaries, and what he says about the Korean Christians.
The author is intervening into historical scholarship, especially of the last quarter century. What position is he arguing against? (Identify the scholarly consensus he is trying to shatter.)
How does he support his argument? (What kind of primary and secondary sources does he use to make this argument?)
Why does it matter? (What are the broader implications for the subject matter of this course—world Christianity?)
One professor’s assignment on the chapter
II. Points of Conflict
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“Ancestor Worship” Question
(1) Influence of the China Mission
1826 W. H. Medhurst, On the Feast of Tomb
1859 John L. Nevius, Errors of Ancestor Worship
1877 First Conference – A/W Question – prohibited
1890 Second Conference—Minority’s tolerant attitude
1907 Centennial Conference—prohibited
Introduced to Korea and remained as the official guideline until 1937
“Shinto Shrine worship Question” in the 1930s-40s.
II. Points of Conflict
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John Nevius, Catechism for
the Candidates of Baptism,
tr. by Samuel A. Moffett, 1895
The first requirements
Neither devil worship
Nor ancestor worship
But worship only one God
II. Points of Conflict
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Why Prohibited?
Theological iconoclasm (monotheism against idol worship)
Anti-Roman Catholic ritualism, purgatory, saints worship
3. Socio-cultural modernism (against pre-modern liturgical law)
Economic efficiency (against poverty caused by empty rituals and unnecessary waste)
Ethical emphasis on family and woman's right
(against early marriage, polygamy, gender discrimination)
Political progressivism and social Darwinism
(against the “stagnant” Asian society— unchanged old custom)
II. Points of Conflict
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Protestant Tolerant Views
In China
Liberal Evangelical Missionaries --John Ross, 1880s and W. A. P. Martin, 1890
In Korea
Koreans
No Pyŏng-sŏn, From Errors to Truth, 1897: Merit + Jesus Redemption = open soteriology
Ch’oe Pyŏng-hŏn, “On the Full Moon Festival,” 1897: Changeability of Rituals
Apostles’ Creed: “Jesus went to the hell”: possibility of salvation of ancestors
Editorials of Christian Advocate and Christian News, 1897: original monotheism
Kil Sŏn-ju, On Indolence, 1904: Saints of East in the kingdom of Achievement: limited inclusivism
Missionaries: cautious approach
D. Gifford, 1898. AW mixture of A, B, C, D = uniquely Korean – fate of the deceased decided
by the Ten Judges (Buddhism) and AW is related to the reputation of children
20th Anniversary of the Korean Mission, 1904
G. O. Engel, “– Mature Korean Christians should decide the issue
J. S. Gale, Korea in Transition, 1909: wait for Korean Christians’ decision
II. Points of Conflict
.
A. Theology of Filial Piety
1) 5th Commandment:
Filial Piety to the living parents, respect the dead
2) Trinity: God – Heavenly Father of all humanity
Jesus – Filial Son, Sacrifice for Redemption
Spirit of Filial Piety & Sacraments
3) Eschatology:
Hope for Resurrection & Heavenly Kingdom
4) Ecclesiology:
Jesus, the model of filial piety & brotherly love (孝悌)
Sacred Community sustained by the Holy Spirit
Christian Alternatives
II. Points of Conflict
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B. Christian Funeral
preserving Grafting Pruning away .
Place & Order: Confucian OK + chapel service
Garb, Bier: Confucian OK + flag of the cross,
badge of the cross
3) Lamentation: No. replaced by hymns
4) Burial site: Confucian OK No fengshui 風水
5) Annual Visiting to the tomb: OK No wine offering & bowing down
Alternatives
II. Points of Conflict
C. Christian Memorial Service (Ch'udohoe 追悼會)
It was grafted unto the Confucian memorial rite (祭祀).
- time (anniversary, evening), space (home), candle, family, food
+ keeping Genealogy(族譜) – anniversary, tomb site
2) It pruned away
Animistic (shamanistic) provocation of the departed spirits (招魂)
Buddhist post-mortal sentence of Ten Judges(十王)
Confucian prayer to ancestors & wine-offering (獻酒) for blessings
Daoist practice of fengshui (風水) for the grave site
Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory (鍊獄)
= a good case of Confucian-Christian integration.
Christian Alternatives
II. Points of Conflict
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