can you help me with my history paper on World War 1 ?

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World War I (1914/17-1918)

Introduction
The Great War
Battle Front
Origins-Wilson
The US at War
Home Front
Big Government
Economy
Society
Conclusion

Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegram
Selective Service Act
William McAdo
Committee for Public Information
Anti-German Hysteria

Key Terms

Themes

World War I (1914/17-1918)
What caused the war?
How the US became involved
The War’s impact on US government, economy, and society

Colonial Possessions 1900

World War I (1914/17-1918)

Introduction
The Great War
Battle Front
Origins-Wilson
The US at War
Home Front
Big Government
Economy
Society
Conclusion

Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegram
Selective Service Act
William McAdo
Committee for Public Information
Anti-German Hysteria

Key Terms

Background

Many long-term causes of war:
Nationalism
Alliance System
Rise of Germany and Italy (it upset the power balance)
Imperialism
Arms Race
“Spark:” the assassination of Franz Ferdinand; the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip

Serbian Nationalists on trial

Mobilizing Troops

Soldiers Celebrate Opportunity to go War
“Home by Christmas”
Large Conscription of Soldiers
First Major War in Europe in almost 50 years
Most participants thought this would be a quick war and soldiers would be “home by Christmas”

Germans Celebrating Declaration of War

Britons Celebrating Declaration of War

German Soldiers Going Off to War

Germans Going Off to War

Alfred Von Schlieffen

Schlieffen Plan

The Battle of the Marne – Sept. 5-12 1914

French military commanders taxis to take soldiers from Paris to the front.
Allied Victory
France and Britain able to hold off German invasion of Paris
Germans retreat northeast
Trenches dug from the English Channel all the way to Switzerland
Most people are killed by shelling
Innovations in artillery
600 rounds per minute

Propaganda

German Atrocities in Belgium

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

War is Hell

Sacrifices in War

The Great War

After initial German victories, the war became mired in a long stalemate of bloody and indecisive battles.
New technologies, such as submarines, airplanes, machine guns, tanks, and poison gas, produced unprecedented slaughter.
In the five-month battle of Verdun in 1916, some 600,000 French and German soldiers died:
10 million soldiers and uncounted civilians, perished in the conflict, which was immediately followed by a global influenza epidemic that killed 21 million more.

The Great War

The Great War inflicted a blow on the optimism and self-confidence of western civilization, whose philosophers and statesmen had long celebrated reason and progress.
The war also shocked the socialist and labor movements, which had valued international working-class solidarity over nationalism, only to see workers of different nations kill each other for their national governments

Americans Divided

Americans were deeply divided over the war. Many Americans sided with Britain, associating it with liberty and democracy and Germany with repressive and aristocratic government.
Others, particularly German and Irish-Americans, opposed supporting the British.
Immigrants from Russia, especially Jews, also did not want America to support Russia and its czar, and the despotic Russia’s alliance with Britain and France made it hard to believe that the war was a conflict between democracy and autocracy.
Many feminists, pacifists, and social reformers believed peace was necessary for reform at home, and they opposed American involvement.

WWI Alliance and Major Powers

Allies

Great Britain
France
Russia

Central Powers

Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire

U.S. President

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
Goal: Keep US out of the war. Stay Neutral.

1916 Presidential Election

In May 1916, Wilson’s policy seemed to have worked, as Germany suspended submarine warfare against noncombatants, allowing Americans to trade and travel freely without requiring military action.
“He kept us out of the war” became Wilson’s campaign slogan in the 1916 presidential election. The Republican Party was reunited, and its candidate, Charles Evan Hughes, lost to Wilson by only a narrow margin.

What Events Led the US to fight?

1. German Submarine Warfare
2. Zimmerman telegram

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany declared the British Isles a war zone; any ships entering these waters could be attacked
The US opposed this as a violation of neutral nations

Road to War: Lusitania

British passenger liner; Americans were warned not to go on ship

Road to War: Lusitania

New York Newspapers carried warning like this from the German embassy.

Road to War: Lusitania

British passenger liner; American were warned not to go on ship
Torpedoed in 1915; about 1,200 died (128 Americans)
Germany pledged to stop sub-warfare

Zimmerman telegram (1917)

Message from Germany foreign minister to Mexican government:
1. Mexico Should attack the US
2. Germany would help Mexico defeat the US
3. Mexico would recapture land (in the American Southwest) previously lost to the US.

Germany’s Gamble

Germany resumed submarine warfare
On January 22, 1917, Wilson called for “peace without victory” in Europe, and expressed his vision of a world order including freedom of the seas, restrictions on armaments, and self-determination for all nations, large and small. Germany soon resumed its submarine warfare against ships sailing to or from Great Britain and sunk several American merchant ships, gambling that it could starve Britain into submission before America intervened militarily.
US declared war in April 1917

WWI Alliance and Major Powers

Allies

Great Britain
France
Russia
United States

Central Powers

Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire

America Enters, Russia Exits

By the spring of 1918, when American troops arrived in Europe, the communist revolution led by Vladimir Lenin in Russia the previous November had led to the withdrawal of Russia from the war.
Lenin also exposed secret treaties by which the Allies had agreed to divide conquered territory after the war, embarrassing Wilson.

World War I (1914/17-1918)

Introduction
The Great War
Battle Front
Origins-Wilson
The US at War
Home Front
Big Government
Economy
Society
Conclusion

Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegram
Selective Service Act
William McAdo
Committee for Public Information
Anti-German Hysteria

Key Terms

US Contributions to War Effort

General John Pershing led US soldiers (about 2 million) in Europe
American troops saw combat in France as they helped stem German attacks
Supplies and US troops provided emotional lift
A cease-fire ending the fighting went into effect on Nov. 11th 1918

Celebrations at end of WWI

World War I (1914/17-1918)

Introduction
The Great War
Battle Front
Origins-Wilson
The US at War
Home Front
Big Government
Economy
Society
Conclusion

Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegram
Selective Service Act
William McAdo
Committee for Public Information
Anti-German Hysteria

Key Terms

Big Government

The war created a national government with unprecedented power and an increased presence in Americans’ lives.
With the Selective Service Act of May 1918, 24 million men had to register for the draft, and the army grew from 120,000 to 5 million men. New federal agencies were created to regulate industry, transportation, labor relations, and agriculture.
A War Industries Board oversaw all aspects of war production, from distributing raw materials to setting prices for manufactured goods, and it created standardized specifications for nearly everything.

New Government Agencies

The Railroad Administration controlled the nation’s transportation, the Fuel Agency rationed coal and oil, and the Food Administration, directed by Herbert Hoover, helped farmers increase crop yields and promoted more efficient food preparation.

Selective Service Act (Draft) 1917

On the eve of WWI America only had a standing army of about 120,000. Much too small for war.
The SSA was intended to increase the size of the army.
1. All males 18-45 became eligible
2. Lottery system was developed to determine if one would be required to serve
3. 1 in 5 draftees were born outside the US

The Espionage Act

The federal government passed laws severely restricting freedom of speech.
The Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited spying, interfering with the draft, and “false statements” that might impede military success.
The postmaster general banned from the mails radical and socialist newspapers and other publications critical of the war and the draft.
The Sedition Act, passed in 1918, made it a crime to make spoken or written statements intended to cast “contempt, scorn, or disrepute” on the “form of government” or advocate disruption of the war effort.

Immigrants and “Americanization”

Immigrants were “encouraged” to learn English; The “language of America” and “citizenship”
This poster from the Cleveland Board of Education was printed in six languages

Recruiting Soldiers

How to Pay for WWI

Cost of war: $35.5 billion
William McAdo (Secretary of Treasury) led the effort to raise money
Income Tax Rates were raised (top tax rate rose to 63%)
War Bonds were sold; 2/3 of funds were borrowed

Committee for Public Information

Establish in 1917 and headed by George Creel (a former Progressive reformer and journalist)
A government-sponsored propaganda agency designed to promote support for American involvement in the war

Committee for Public Information
(Advertisements to Promote the War)

World War I (1914/17-1918)

Introduction
The Great War
Battle Front
Origins-Wilson
The US at War
Home Front
Big Government
Economy
Society
Conclusion

Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegram
Selective Service Act
William McAdo
Committee for Public Information
Anti-German Hysteria

Key Terms

Economy

Economic Boom

Manufacturing Increased 33%
Real wages increased 20%

Farmers Prospered

World War I (1914/17-1918)

Introduction
The Great War
Battle Front
Origins-Wilson
The US at War
Home Front
Big Government
Economy
Society
Conclusion

Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegram
Selective Service Act
William McAdo
Committee for Public Information
Anti-German Hysteria

Key Terms

Race Relation

“Great Migration”
About 500,000 blacks moved north for jobs

The Great Migration

Race Relations

Race Riots

East St. Louis, Illinois
Groups of whites burned down homes of black residents, shot those who tried to escape
300 homes destroyed, 39 blacks and 9 whites died

Women’s Roles

11,000 served in Navy overseas
1 million worked in industry

Women’s Roles

Women often earned high wages during the war

Patriotism and Volunteerism

Herbert Hoover headed Food Administration
Slogans were common:
“Meatless Mondays” and “Wheatless Wednesdays”
“Serve beans, by all means”

WWI Poster

Anti-German Hysteria
(Patriotism Turned Ugly)

1. Americans began to hate all things German (food)
Sauerkraut = “Liberty Cabbage”
Hamburgers = “Liberty Sandwiches”
2. Some towns changed their German names
3. Some states stopped teaching the German language in public schools
4. Some violence against German-Americans; a Jury in Collinsville, IL exonerated the leaders of a mob responsible for lynching a man born in Germany

Americanization

The nationalization of politics and the economy seemed to elevate consciousness of ethnic and racial difference and caused some to call for “Americanization”—the creation of a more homogenous national culture.
A 1908 play, The Melting Pot, gave a popular name to the process by which immigrants were expected to merge their identity with American nationality.
Public and private leaders, including teachers, employers, union leaders, social reformers, and public officials all engaged in Americanization efforts.

Americanization

The Ford Motor Company famously created a sociological department that entered immigrant workers’ homes to examine their clothes, furniture, and food, enrolled them in English-language courses, and fired those who failed to Americanize themselves.
A few Progressives criticized Americanization and demanded that Americans respect immigrant cultures. Reformers at Hull House encouraged immigrants to value their European backgrounds, and Randolph Bourne wrote in a 1916 essay, “Trans-National America” that there was “no distinctive American culture.”

Anti-German Hysteria
(Patriotism Turned Ugly)

Support for prohibition of alcohol received a final push during the war
Names of brewing companies:
-Pabst, Schlitz, Anheuser-Busch
Eighteenth Amendment was passed by Congress in 1917; it went into effect in 1920

Coercive Patriotism

More extreme repression was implemented by state government and private groups.
Many states imprisoned those critical of the American flag, outlawed the possession of red and black flags (symbolizing communism and anarchism), and twenty-three states passed “criminal syndicalism” laws, making it illegal to advocate political change through unlawful acts or “a change in industrial ownership.”
Patriotism came to be synonymous with support for the government, the war, and the American economic system, while anti-war sentiment, labor radicalism, and sympathy for the Russian Revolution became “un-American.”

The Race Problem

What was called the “race problem” was a major subject of debate before World War I, and it referred to more than just relations between blacks and whites.
Race was thought of as “innate” and a permanent characteristic

The “Race Problem”

In 1911, the U.S. Immigration Commission listed in one of its publications forty-five different immigrant “races,” each with its own alleged innate characteristics, ranging from Anglo-Saxons at the top of the racial hierarchy down to Hebrews, Northern Italians, and at the bottom, southern Italians—those apparently most violent, undisciplined, and incapable of assimilation.
Popular writers asserted that the wave of new immigration and white women’s declining birthrate threatened American civilization. The new science of eugenics, the study of the alleged mental traits of different races, lent scientific legitimacy to the new nativism.

Who is an American?

African-Americans, members of the largest non-white group in America, were excluded from almost all Progressive ideas of freedom.
They were disenfranchised in the South, barred from most unions and skilled jobs, most black women worked outside of the home for low wages in jobs not covered by new state-level protections for working women, and most blacks, who were desperately poor, could not participate in the new consumer economy.
Nearly all Progressive intellectuals, social scientists, labor reformers, and suffrage advocates were unconcerned by conditions facing black Americans.

World War I (1914/17-1918)

Introduction
The Great War
Battle Front
Origins-Wilson
The US at War
Home Front
Big Government
Economy
Society
Conclusion

Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegram
Selective Service Act
William McAdo
Committee for Public Information
Anti-German Hysteria

Key Terms

Review and Evaluation

World War I began in 1914; the US became involved in 1917
The war had a major impact on the “Home Front”
Women, immigrants, blacks were all majorly impacted by the war. Over 100,000 soldiers died and 200,000 were wounded.