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Lecture7meijirestoration.pptxThe Meiji Restoration
Internal Problems
By early 19th century, Japanese society was in turmoil
Declining agricultural productivity
Periodic crop failures, famine, and starvation
Harsh taxes on peasants
Samurai and daimyo are in debt to merchants
West arrives demanding trade with Japan
Internal Conflict
Shogunate’s deals with West viewed as dishonorable
Popular slogan: “Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians”
Demands for reform include lowering of rice prices and expulsion of foreign “barbarians”
Two minor wars between supporters of emperor and supporters of the shogun
January 3, 1868, the last shogun abdicated and the shogunate was destroyed
Do Now: Explain how these images show a change in Japanese society.
Figure A
Figure B
AIM: To understand the transition from feudal to modern Japan.
Photograph Interpretation / Compare and Contrast
Let’s Go Back In Time… Tokugawa Period (1600-1868)
Himeji Castle: Built in 1600s
___________________
Ruled by Shogun
Capital City of Edo (Tokyo)
Rigid Social Structure
Belief Systems
Shintoism
- Zen Buddhism
- Prohibited Christianity
Centralized feudalism
Japanese Social Structure
Emperor
Shogun
Daimyo
Farmers
Artisans
Merchants
Samurai
Japanese Culture and Economy
Religion
Mixture of native Shintoism (living spirits in all things) and Chinese Confucianism (based on the teachings of Confucius)
Economy
Growing internal trade during the Edo period
Merchants began to surpass the samurai in wealth
Rigid social stratification
But these limits were being tested by the end of the Tokugawa shogunate
End of Japanese Isolation
U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry (1794-1858)
1853 – gunboat diplomacy
1854 – trade treaty with the United States
Great Britain, Holland (Netherlands), and Russia soon gained similar trading rights
Townsend Harris (1804-1878)
United States Consul General to Japan
1858 – commercial treaty between U.S. and Japan
European powers soon gained similar rights in Japan
Japanese Reaction
| Pros | Cons |
| “Dutch Learning” (Western knowledge) became very popular among many doctors, scholars, and scientists | Western knowledge went against many traditional Japanese beliefs |
| Japanese entrepreneurs, merchants, and budding industrialists stood to profit from increased trade | Traditional holders of prestige and power (daimyos and samurai) did not tend to profit from increased trade |
| Resentment Extraterritorial rights of Americans and Europeans Anti-foreign uprisings (1863-1864) Japanese ports in turn bombarded by foreign ships |
| Solution “If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em” Japanese could benefit from knowledge of what happened to China Japanese felt that they would be in a better position to renegotiate the trade treaties, and be less likely to be imposed upon, if they adopted Western ways (democracy, imperialism, industrialization, militarization, and modernization) – westernization |
What geographic features enabled Japan to pursue a policy of isolationism?
What are some positives and negatives of the geography of Japan?
Geography of Japan
Fall of Tokugawa Shogunate
The Last Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Reasons for the fall:
Samurai upset at “surrendering” to Westerners.
Tokugawa Shogunate seen as weak for ending 250 years of isolation.
Some Daimyo saw this as an opportunity to change the social structure.
Western civilization had arrived and was threatening to gain power there.
Emperor Mutsuhito, Meiji.
If Not The Shogun, Then Who?
The presence of the West triggered nationalist unrest. Who will most of the people in Japan turn to for leadership? Why?
People of all classes appealed to the ________ for support.
They used the slogan sonno joi “Revere the ________, expel the barbarians.”
Need a hint? Think back to the traditional social structure in Japan.
emperor
emperor
Compare These Two Figures
1. What are the similarities and differences between the two men?
2. What adjectives would you use to describe each ruler?
Do Now:
Emergence of the Emperor
Over the next generation the whole society and its institutions were transformed to serve the needs of _____________.
The Shogunate was defeated and a new emperor named __________was proclaimed.
Emperor Mutsuhito, Meiji.
This period is known as the Meiji
Restoration– Meiji meaning ______________.
Mutsuhito
enlightened rule
modernization
Modernization: Meiji Restoration
Abolish feudal order
Administrative districts replace feudal domains
Daimyo removed from power
Samurai class is abolished
Constitutional government
Constitution of 1889 based on German model
Establishes constitutional monarchy with legislature
Emperor commanded armed forces, named prime minister, and appoint the cabinet
Left: Structure of Meiji Governement; Above: Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor
Changes During The Meiji Restoration
Abolished feudalism
Eliminated samurai armies
Reformed education
Created a centralized gov’t and encouraged loyalty to the emperor
Japan's 1st Western-style constitution (1889), followed by the country's first elected Diet.
Adopted Western technology
Opened up trade (ended isolation)
Major Changes:
Fukoku Kyohei: “Enrich the country and strengthen the military”
Emperor promises to institute political and social reforms and work to strengthen the nation.
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Modernization: Meiji Restoration
Constitutional government (con’d)
Recognized individual rights
Could limit rights in the interest of the state
Suffrage limited
Only 5% of population could vote in 1890 election
Japanese industrialization
Modernize transportation, communication, and education
Sold government businesses to private investors
Modernization: Meiji Restoration
Japanese industrialization (con’d)
Creation of zaibatsu
Combination of state initiative and private investment
Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families
Many companies started by men of samurai origins
Governmental Reforms
Diet – Japan’s bicameral legislature
First convened – 1889
Meiji (Imperial) Constitution
Adopted – 1890
Followed until the end of World War II
Economic Reforms
Abolition of feudalism
Currency (yen) adopted, 1872
Encouragement of foreign trade
Expansion and encouragement of industrialization
Growth of factories
First large factories manufactured textiles
First textile factory workers were girls and women
Land reform
Zaibatsu (large conglomerates) built and expanded
Military Reforms
Before the Meiji era: Armies were run by local daimyo and thus not subservient to a central government
Meiji era: Modern army and navy established which were loyal to the Japanese government
Used Prussia (Germany) as primary model
Firm belief that if Japan was to be taken seriously by Western powers, and was to avoid China’s fate, Japan would have to compete militarily
Conscription (1873) – all men had to serve for three years after turning twenty-one
Social Reforms
Universal compulsory elementary education
Universities established
Westernization of many laws
Tokyo University
Social Changes
Adoption of Western architecture, fashions, music, and literary styles (magazines and novels)
Diversity of intellectual and political thought
Growing independence and empowerment of women
Movement of peasants from countryside to factories
Imperialization of Japan
Why?
Lack of fertile land for agriculture
Markets for finished products
Need for the raw materials of industry
Population growth
Response to Western imperialism
Meiji Japan at War
First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
Gained:
Formosa (Taiwan)
Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria) – soon forced to relinquish it
Sphere of influence in Korea
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
Destruction of Russian fleet
Finally respected as a world power
Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt won Noble Peace Prize
Japan was granted the southern part of Sakhalin Island and a large sphere of influence in Manchuria
Annexation of Korea (1910)
World War I
Joined Allies
Received Germany’s mandates over Asian islands and its leases in the Shantung Peninsula
American and European Opposition
Washington Conference (1922)
Size limits on navies
5:5:3 ratio for Great Britain, United States, and Japan
Japanese resented these limitations
Nine Power Treaty
China’s independence and territory guaranteed
Open Door Policy reaffirmed
Four Power Pact
France, Great Britain, Japan, United States
One another’s colonial possessions would be respected
U.S. Japanese Exclusion Act (1924)
Imperial Flag of the Japanese Navy
Conquest of Manchuria (1931)
Pretense that Chinese bandits were destroying the Southern Manchurian Railway
League of Nations
China asked League for help
Lytton Commission sent to China to investigate
Noted harshness of Japanese rule in Manchuria
Recommended that Japan withdraw from Manchuria
Japan instead withdrew from the League of Nations
Japanese propaganda poster: "With the cooperation of Japan, China, and Manchukuo, the world can be at peace."
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Japanese Manchuria: Manchukuo
Japan proclaimed its “independence” in 1931
Deposed (1912) Manchu emperor of China, Puyi, placed on throne as Manchurian emperor
Really a puppet of Japan
Stimson Doctrine – United States refused to recognize Japan’s actions
Emperor Puyi
Flag of Manchukuo
Japanese Invasion of China
Ignored international treaties – built up navy
Marco Polo Bridge Incident – July, 1937
Minor dispute between Chinese and Japanese troops
Neither side was ready to fully back down
Small spark started the Second Sino-Japanese War
1937-1945 – World War II in Asia
U.S. reaction
Americans boycotted Japanese goods
American companies continued to sell Japan cotton, oil, and scrap metal
Japan in World War II
1940 – Japan joined Axis with Germany and Italy
“Asia for Asians” philosophy
“Liberating” Asia from Western imperialism
In reality, replacing Western imperialism with Japanese imperialism
Attacked Burma, Dutch East Indies, French Indo-China, Philippines, Thailand, etc.
Japanese imperialism ended with World War II
Japan’s territory returned to older, traditional islands
Social Developments
No reforms to ease burdens on rural population
Massive population growth
Strained resources and kept labor costs low
Role of women
Maintain inferiority of women in the home
High-school education for women (1899)
Silk industry relied upon women working in factories
How does this image show a change in the way
the Japanese view the West?
Hiking Through The West, 1870
Strains of Modernization
Poor living standards existed in crowded cities
Political differences led to instability and frequent assassinations of leaders
Constant questioning and debate about ______________
Disgruntled _________ class
Need for raw materials
Problems:
Westernization
Samuarai
Strains of Modernization
Solutions:
Urged loyalty to the Emperor as a center of _______________
Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
Russo-Japanese War 1904
Imperialism of Korea: Annexed in 1910
national identity
Western ____________ was adopted which allowed the Japanese to fully ______________ in less than 50 years. By the end of the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese no longer feared that they would be _____________. Rather, they set out to practice imperialism themselves to obtain power and ________ __________. Japan was quickly emerging as a world-class power using western technology and methods while still maintaining its ___________ _________ values.
Final Thoughts
technology
industrialize
imperialized
natural
traditional
resources
cultural
This period was known as the _____ _____________.
Meiji Restoration
