finance discussion writing
Alok Kumar Department of Finance Miami Business School
[email protected]; 305‐284‐1882
FIN 686 Psychology of Financial Markets and Financial Decision Making
LECTURE NOTES 6B
Politics and Finance (continued)
Politics and Financial Markets
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State‐level Politics Political Geography and Stock Returns… (Kim, Pantzalis, & Park 2012)
Do lower‐level (state or district) politics also matter?
For instance, states with political regimes that are aligned with the ruling Presidential party may benefit: Economic incentives; reward loyal voters Reduced policy risk (political regime can switch every two
years but firms’ headquarters are relatively fixed)
These benefits may cascade down to firms located in these “aligned” states And affect stock returns
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State‐level Politics Political Geography and Stock Returns… (Kim, Pantzalis, & Park 2012)
Collect state and general election results from 1966 through 2004 Taylor’s Encyclopedia of Government Officials: Federal and
State State Elective Officials and the Legislatures David Leip’s Atlas of US Presidential Elections
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State‐level Politics Political Geography and Stock Returns… (Kim, Pantzalis, & Park 2012)
Construct measures of political influence at state, county, and district levels Political Alignment Index (PAI): high when a state’s Governor,
legislature, and majority of Congress members are of the same party as the President
Test if PAI relates to local firms’ stock returns over the two years (starting in Jan.) following each November election
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State‐level Politics Political Geography and Stock Returns… (Kim, Pantzalis, & Park 2012)
Firms in the highest PAI tercile group have 0.46% higher monthly raw returns than firms in the lowest tercile group
Firms located in states with greater PAI out‐perform those in states with lower PAI by 0.27% per month on a risk adjusted basis
The PAI effect increases to 0.44% per month when expanding the scope to the district‐level Out‐performance comes from the long‐side (avoids short
selling constraints) with limited transaction costs (2‐year rebalancing)
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State‐level Politics Political Geography and Stock Returns… (Kim, Pantzalis, & Park 2012)
Effect is not driven by states’ dependence on: Government spending, by the President rewarding areas
that voted heavily for him, or by local optimism/pessimism PAI effect seems to be, at least partly, driven by uncertainty
about future policies Legislative activity, a major source of political uncertainty
regarding future cash flows, explains a sizeable part of the PAI effect
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Firm Lobbying Political Geography and Corporate Political Strategy (Antia, Kim, & Pantzalis 2013)
Given the potential to benefit from political‐connectedness, firms may engage in their own political strategies… Add political figures to the Board of Directors (Goldman et
al. 2009, 2011) Contribute to political campaigns (Cooper et al. 2010) Or engage in lobbying
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Firm Lobbying Political Geography and Corporate Political Strategy (Antia, Kim, & Pantzalis 2013)
Do firms engage in lobbying to influence legislative activity and other decisions made by politicians, government officials, and regulatory agencies?
Yes! Politically active organizations spent $3.47 billion, in 2009, on
direct lobbying expenses. Controlling for inflation, this amount was seven times the estimated lobbying expenses in 1983 About 70% of the total spent on behalf of businesses
($2.43bil)
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Firm Lobbying Political Geography and Corporate Political Strategy (Antia, Kim, & Pantzalis 2013)
When local politicians do not have direct links to Federal regime (President), firms increase their lobbying expenditures
Lobby efforts are aimed at building political capital in order to exploit short‐term opportunities (Tobin’s q)
Institutional investors recognize/encourage corporate political strategies in response to the political environment
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Value of Political Connections Value of Political Connections in a Low‐corruption Environment (Amore & Bennedsen 2013)
Political corruption may also benefit connected firms… Likely to happen in countries with weak political institutions
(Fisman 2001, Johnson & Mitton 2003, Cingano & Pinotti 2013)
Faccio (2006): political ties in countries with high levels of corruption generate a statistically significant cumulative abnormal return (CAR) of 4.32%
But, do connections matter in countries with strong political institutions?
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Value of Political Connections Value of Political Connections in a Low‐corruption Environment (Amore & Bennedsen 2013)
Denmark: consistently one of the world's least corrupt countries
In 2005, 238 Danish municipalities merged into 65 new ones while 33 remained unchanged This reformation increased the power of political leaders
of the new, larger municipalities Firms connected (through family ties) to these suddenly
more‐powerful leaders may benefit despite the presence of strong political institutions
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Value of Political Connections
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Value of Political Connections Value of Political Connections in a Low‐corruption Environment (Amore & Bennedsen 2013)
The increase in political power significantly improved the performance of connected firms Average effect is consistent with an elasticity of firm
performance to political power close to unity That is, a 100% increase in population per politician
nearly doubles connected firms’ operating returns Concentrated in firms operating in industries that depend
more on public demand
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CEO Preferences and Firm Policies
As a precursor to our next topic, Behavioral Corporate Finance, we will see if/how the personal political preferences of the CEO manifest in the firm’s policies
That is, we will gain some initial insights into whether managers shape their firms according to their preferences, which may not always maximize shareholder value
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CEO Political Preferences and Corporate Policies
Corporate Policies of Republican Managers (Hutton, Jiang, & Kumar 2014)
Over‐arching question: Do CEO’s personal preferences manifest in the policies of their firms?
One important preference is the CEO’s political ideology Why?
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Corporate Policies of Republican Managers (Hutton, Jiang, & Kumar 2014)
Conservatism is a hallmark of political ideologies
73% of Republicans identify themselves as conservative 24% as moderate and only 3% are liberal
22% of Democrats identify as conservative 40% as moderate and 38% as liberal
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CEO Political Prefs. & Corp. Policies
Corporate Policies of Republican Managers (Hutton, Jiang, & Kumar 2014)
Political conservatism may spillover to influence CEO’s decisions in other domains Such as financial conservatism
Ultimately, this may contribute to the significant heterogeneity in firms’ capital structures and investment policies
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CEO Political Prefs. & Corp. Policies
Corporate Policies of Republican Managers (Hutton, Jiang, & Kumar 2014)
Hypotheses: Firms with Republican managers may: Have less debt (than comparable firms run by non‐
Republican managers) Have lower investments (such as in intangibles and R&D)
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CEO Political Prefs. & Corp. Policies
Corporate Policies of Republican Managers (Hutton, Jiang, & Kumar 2014)
Obtain personal political contributions from the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to infer the political‐orientation of CEO’s 49,722 eligible donations made by 5,183 unique
managers between 1992 ‐ 2008 Also confirm that political contributions correlate with CEO’s
political preferences using a subsample of CEO’s who disclose their political preferences
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CEO Political Prefs. & Corp. Policies
Corporate Policies of Republican Managers (Hutton, Jiang, & Kumar 2014)
Findings: Firms with Republican managers have significantly lower
levels of corporate debt, lower capital, lower R&D expenditures (10%), less risky investments
And, higher profitability Republican CEO’s also exhibit debt aversion in their personal
financial choices, i.e., when purchasing their home
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CEO Political Prefs. & Corp. Policies
CEO Political Prefs. & Corp. Policies
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Use 9/11 and Lehman collapse as exogenous shocks which created uncertainty
Do Republican managers respond differently than non‐ Republicans?
Focus on investment in tangible assets Rep. CEO’s reduce
inv. by 0.76% per qtr.
Corporate Policies of Republican Managers (Hutton, Jiang, & Kumar 2014)
Findings (continued): However, the benefits may come at cost: Republican‐led firms have lower investment which may
affect long‐run growth and profitability
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CEO Political Prefs. & Corp. Policies
Analyst Political Preferences
Political Contributions and Analyst Behavior (Jian, Kumar, & Law 2016) While the financial (and career) incentives should drive the
economic decisions of financial intermediaries, such as sell‐ side equity analysts, individual characteristics still seem to play a role
Do analysts’ political preferences impact their views of firms?
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Analyst Political Preferences
Political Contributions and Analyst Behavior (Jian, Kumar, & Law 2016) Obtain personal political contributions from the Federal
Election Commission (FEC)
Republican‐leaning analysts may be more conservative in their forecasts Potentially driven by being more cautious in interpreting
new information However, this may amplify or mitigate existing biases
identified in equity analysts’ behaviors
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Analyst Political Preferences Political Contributions and Analyst Behavior (Jian, Kumar, & Law 2016) Republican analysts’: Forecasts have smaller revisions Stock recommendations are more modest in their upgrades
and downgrades Produce research of higher quality (more accurate forecasts) Which is recognized/rewarded by their employers
(promotions), institutional investors (All‐star Analysts), and news media
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Summary and Conclusion
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The political climate can have import implications for the economy, firms, and asset prices through its effects on government spending (firms’ cash flows), risk preferences (discount rates), optimism (investor sentiment), and policy risk
Moreover, firms’ policies can be influenced by the personal political preferences of their CEO’s
Ultimately, by being aware of these channels, investors may capitalize on changing political regimes