Assignment 1 & 2

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Lecture5.pdf

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INST560, Internet of Things (IoT) UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA

Lecture 5: Winter 2023

Professor Aliakbar Jalali

[email protected]

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Topics  Introduction

 Components of an IoT System

 Technical View of Internet of Things

 Internet of Things Simple schematic

 How IoT Works-step by step

 Example-Home Automation

 How IoT Works with Key Technologies

 Practical Example: Agriculture IoT System

 Sample Student Technical Project

 Conclusion

 References

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Introduction

• The IoT as one of emerging technology refers to the

connection of all kinds of devices to the internet and to each

other.

• IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting

to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either

sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.

• Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related

devices and act on the information they get from one another.

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Introduction • The Internet of things consists of a large

network of interconnected devices.

• These devices transfer and collect huge

amounts of data about how they operate

and details about the information they store.

• This data is sent to large cloud servers

located across the globe.

• The cloud sends relevant instructions based

on the information received.

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Introduction • To explain how Internet of Things works, we should know the components of

an IoT system, how data is collected, transferred, analyzed, and acted upon.

• One of two major components to the IoT is “things”, which it intend to make smart by

providing connectivity, the other is the embedded system which provides this

connectivity.

• Embedded system involves a complex system which may consist of multiple sensors,

actuators, protocols, data management layer and more.

• The interconnectivity of all these is responsible to make objects programmable,

intelligent and capable of interacting with one another as well as humans.

• This lecture is provided to explain how an Internet of Things system works.

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CONCLUSION • In order to understand how

Internet of Things works, we

should know the components of

an IoT system, how data is

collected, transferred, analyzed,

and acted upon.

• The Steps Involved Around IoT

are Data Ingestion, Data

Transmission, Data Processing,

Data Visualization and Data

Analysis And Prediction.

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How Internet of Things work step by step? • Sensing: IoT devices, such as sensors and cameras, collect data from the physical world.

• Connecting: The collected data is then transmitted to the internet through a wired or wireless connection. This can be

done through various communication protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks.

• Processing: The data is then processed by a central system, such as a cloud-based server or an edge device, to extract

meaningful information.

• Storing: The processed data is then stored in a database for future use.

• Analyzing: The stored data is analyzed to identify patterns and trends, which can be used to make decisions or

automate processes.

• Acting: Based on the analysis, the IoT system can take specific actions, such as controlling an actuator or sending a

notification to a user.

• Monitoring: The entire process is constantly monitored to ensure that the system is working properly and to identify

any issues that need to be addressed.

• Updating: As necessary, the software, firmware, and security protocols of the IoT devices and the central system are

updated to improve performance, fix bugs and to address vulnerabilities.

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Using Cisco Packet Tracer in IoT • It is a good idea to use Cisco Packet Tracer to learn about how IoT works.

• Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation software that can be used to simulate IoT

scenarios. Here is a general outline of how to use Cisco Packet Tracer for IoT simulation:

• Download and install Cisco Packet Tracer on your computer.

• Open Cisco Packet Tracer and create a new project.

• Drag and drop IoT devices, such as sensors and actuators, onto the simulation

workspace.

• Connect the IoT devices to a network, such as a router or a switch, to enable

communication between the devices.

• Configure the network settings, such as IP addresses, subnet masks, and default

gateways, for the devices and the network.

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Using Cisco Packet Tracer in IoT • Configure the IoT devices to collect and transmit data to a central system, such

as a cloud-based server or a database.

• Create a program or script to process the data collected by the IoT devices, and to automate certain actions based on the data.

• Test the simulation by sending data between the devices and observing how the system responds.

• Modify the simulation as needed to achieve the desired results.

• Repeat steps 8 and 9 until the simulation behaves as expected.

• It's important to keep in mind that Packet Tracer is a simulation tool, and it is not capable of performing real-life tasks, it is mainly used for educational and training purposes.

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Introduction: How IoT Works?

IoT is a complicated Systems! Billions of hardwires Devices! Millions of Applications! Huge Data! Complex Cloud Technologies! So, it is not easy to explain exactly how IoT works!

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Components of an IoT System

Actuator

Gateway

+ 5 V

- GND

Real Word Data

Network

Device to device Device to Server Server to Server

Communication and Protocol

Sensors

Cloud Things

Mobile users or WWW

Data Analytic

Here are the main components based on which an internet of things works on. 11

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Components of an IoT System • 1. Sensing and embedding components

• Data is necessary for IoT, and sensors are an important factor to ensure the accuracy

and credibility of data. This essential layer consists of physical, micro appliances,

embedded in an IoT device, which are responsible for collecting data or controlling a

mechanism.

• Sensors: Sensors work to gather small data from the surrounding environment.

This allows an IoT device to capture relevant data for real-time or post-processing.

• Depending on the type of sensor, this small piece of hardware can measure absolutely anything.

This can be smoke, motion or even blood pressure.

• While advanced sensors can measure a range of complexities, some IoT devices have multiple

sensors bundled to be able to collect a range of data or perform multiple functions.

• Our smartphones for example have GPS, fingerprint, camera, tilt, motion and numerous other

sensors, all bundled in one.

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Example: Components of an IoT System • Smart ACs or thermostats can sense room temperature and humidity levels at

the same time.

• Considering the example of smart ACs, a person utilizing an automated mode

function may set room temperature preferences between 73- and 77-degrees

Fahrenheit.

• As soon as a room temperature higher than 77 degrees is detected the device

will transmit a command to the air conditioning unit to operate at specified

settings.

• As soon as a room is cooler than 73 degrees the change in temperature will be

detected and a signal will be transmitted to the AC to turn off.

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Example: Components of an IoT System • In the image below, an IoT-enabled smart AC controller is used to make

a conventional air conditioner smart.

It has a sensor detects room temperature and transmitter to send signals and receive a response. The entire IOT system is in play to guide automated actions.

https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem

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Sensor

• Sensors are a very important component of IoT Systems.

• Sensors are minute, smart and cheap!

• The selection of sensors depends on the purpose you wish to achieve.

• You may want the sensor to be able to detect motion, temperature, pressure,

smoke or any other such trigger.

• The choice of sensors also depends on their accuracy, reliability of results,

the range at which they should work, resolution and level of intelligence which

in other words means their ability to deal with noise and interference.

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Components of an IoT System • Actuators

• Actuators work opposite to that of sensors. While sensors, sense; actuators act. They receive a signal or a

command and, on its basis, they cause an action. While a microcontroller executes a program, actuators, sensors

and a digital to analog converters aren’t execute a program.

• They are as crucial as sensors as once the sensors have detected a change in the environment, an actuator is

required to make something happen based on the trigger.

• As an example, actuators may control the heating and cooling in a smart air conditioner or the valve in a smart tap.

• As soon as sensors detect that a person has exited an area, the actuator will be triggered to stop the flow of air

conditioning or the flow of water in the case of a tap.

• There are multiple types of actuators depending on the vertical and usage. Stepper motor, a fan and a Led are

some example type of actuators.

• They may be required to turn something on or off, but they can also control valves and perform actions such as

turning or gripping which has great beneficial value in industrial applications.

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Components of an IoT System • 2. Connectivity

• IoT is a network involving devices, sensors, cloud and actuators and all these needs to interconnect

with one another to be able to decipher data and consequently perform an action.

• Protocols

• Once the data has been collected by the sensors, it requires a medium for transport.

• In other words, a communication channel is necessary between sensors and the cloud.

• IoT protocols are responsible for transferring data in the online world and this transmission can only

be possible if two devices are safely connected.

• IoT standards and protocols involve an invisible language allowing physical objects to communicate

with one another.

• Incoming, raw data from the sensors must pass through gateways to reach the cloud.

• Gateways translate network protocols ensuring seamless communication of all devices within the

network.

17https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem

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Components of an IoT System • Protocols

• The choice of network depends on factors such as power

consumption, speed of data transfer, range, bandwidth and

overall efficiency.

• Some of the most popular IoT wireless protocols and standards

include Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, DDS, MQTT, cellular,

etc.

• These and other channels make it easy as well as secure to

transfer and exchange data to the next IoT layer for processing.

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Components of an IoT System • IoT gateways

• Essentially this makes the gateways a crucial communication

point and is responsible for easy management of data traffic.

• Moreover, gateways offer security by protecting the system

from unauthorized access and malicious attacks.

• It can also be considered as a security layer as the data flowing

through it protected by the latest encryption practices.

• Gateways can also preprocess data from the sensors before

sending it to the cloud, in other words, they minimize th15)e

large volumes of data ‘sensed’ in the previous stage.

• Not all, but some intelligent IoT gateways could also analyze

and average data to transfer only the relevant data to the cloud.

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Components of an IoT System • IoT cloud

• Clouds make information effectively available real-time data analysis for the consumers by

use of devices, protocols, gateway and storage.

• Once the data has been collected and it has traveled to the cloud, it needs to be

processed.

• Main purpose of IoT solutions is to provide and act on real-time information, there needs to

be a component that can handle enormous amounts of data to cater to the time-sensitive

nature of the IoT model, this is where cloud systems come into play.

• IoT cloud handles the data, stores and process it and makes decisions to make or break a

deal.

• Clouds form the brain of the IoT system as they are typically responsible for processing,

commanding or taking analytics into account for the collected data.

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Components of an IoT System • IoT analytics and data management

• Data holds immense power that can pose a huge effect on any business, IoT Analytics is

used to make sense of the vast amounts of analog data.

• This for example can include the determination of key performance indicators in a certain

application where one may be interested in viewing errors or irregularities in real-time.

• To put it differently, analytics involves converting raw data into useful insights that later are

interpreted or analyzed to drive decision making.

• Data analytics helps determine vital business insights; deep learning models can be used

for predictive analysis and make useful business decisions.

• Analytics requires storage power and intelligent computation to be able to make sense of

any data, tasks such as this can be hosted on the cloud, depending on the IoT architecture.

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Components of an IoT System • End-user devices and user interface

• The user interface is the visible component that is easily accessible and in control of the IoT user.

This is where a user can control the system and set their preferences.

• The more user-friendly this component of the IoT ecosystem is, the easier is a user’s interaction.

• A user may interact with the system via the device itself, or this interaction can be conducted

remotely via smartphones, tablets, and laptops.

• Smart home systems such as Amazon Alexa or Google Home etc. also allow users to communicate

with their “things”.

• Design is a major consideration in today’s fast-paced world and one IoT device can set itself apart

from a competitor based on a strong design.

• Touch interfaces, use of colors, font, voice, and more are some of the factors that come to play here.

22https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem

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Technical View of Internet of Things

• Simple schematic

Sensors

Local Processing

Local Storage

I N T E R N E TNetwork

CLOUD PROCESSING

CLOUD STORAGE

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Internet of Things Simple schematic

Se ns

or s

Th in

Actuator Output Devices

Microcontroller Intel

Arduino Raspberry Pi

LiBlium IBM + RAM

Gateway

+ 5 V

- GND

cloud Real Word Data

Network

Device to device Device to Server Server to Server

Communication Protocols BLE/ZigBee (802.15.4) Standard

Wi-Fi, IP6LOWPAN MQTT/COAP/HTTP/LoRa

MQTT/HTTP with node.js Web-socket/Broker

Python

Get Values with Analytical

https://w w

w .youtube.com

/w atch?v=M

kW 8TU

0jcSk

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How IoT Works-step by step 1. Gateway, actual hardware, is central point

2. Gateway gets information from sensors as input

3. Gateway processes this information

4. If needed, this information stores in Gateway

5. The processed information forwarded to cloud via IoT platform

6. After process of this information in cloud, it might be forwarded to

mobile applications or any dynamic webpages

7. Based on this information which comes from sensors, mobile user

sends specific command to actuator

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How IoT Works-step by step

Gateway, actual hardware, is

central point

Microcontroller Intel

Arduino Raspberry Pi

LiBlium IBM + RAM

Gateway

Example: Raspberry Pi

A gateway is a hardware device that acts as a "gate" between two networks. It may be a router, firewall, server, or other device that enables traffic to flow in and out of the network.

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How IoT Works-step by step

Gateway gets information from

sensors as input

Microcontroller Intel

Arduino Raspberry Pi

LiBlium IBM + RAM

Gateway

Se ns

or s + 5 V

- GND

Real Word Data

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How IoT Works-step by step

Gateway processes this

information

If needed, this information stores

in Gateway

Microcontroller Intel

Arduino Raspberry Pi

LiBlium IBM + RAM

Gateway

Se ns

or s + 5 V

- GND

Real Word Data

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How IoT Works-step by step

The processed information forwarded

to cloud via IoT platform

Microcontroller Intel

Arduino Raspberry Pi

LiBlium IBM + RAM

G at

ew ay

cloud

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How IoT Works-step by step

After process of this

information in cloud, it

might be forwarded

to mobile applications

or any dynamic

webpages

Networkcloud

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How IoT Works-step by step

Based on this information which comes from sensors, mobile

user sends specific command to actuator

Networkcloud

Actuator Output Devices

Microcontroller Intel

Arduino Raspberry Pi

LiBlium IBM + RAM

G at

ew ay N

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Example-Home Automation

1. Basic temperature control

which sends real data

continually to temperature

controller.

2. IoT based temperature

control which sends real

data continually or within

interval of threshold to

Cloud.

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Example-Home Automation

1. Suppose we have basic temperature control which sends real

data continually or within interval of threshold to Cloud.

2. For example, if temperature becomes behind 35 or 40 degree, it should

send information to Cloud.

3. Front user get information from Cloud on mobile or webpages

4. At this time user from mobile application not only can see the

temperature, but can send a commend to actuators for new setup or

command to make on or off the temperature controller

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IoT based temperature control

Sensor Gateway Cloud

Desired home temperature Signals

Systems

Wireless Communication

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• The Steps Involved

Around IoT

1. Data Ingestion

2. Data Transmission

3. Data Processing

4. Data Visualization

5. Data Analysis And

Prediction

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The Steps Involved Around IoT 1- Data Ingestion

• IoT devices/sensors collect data from the

environment.

• The data can be as simple

as temperature/humidity, or it can be as

complex as a full video feed.

• The data needs to be sent to the cloud to

be analyzed. But it needs a way to get

there.

Almost 5 quintillion bytes of data produced

every day by IoT devices.

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The Steps Involved Around IoT 2- Data Transmission

• The data is transmitted to

the cloud via Gateways (Telemetry Devices).

• The gateways use both cellular as well

as satellite communication to transmit the

data.

• To ensure data security, protocols such as

Bluetooth, Sig Fox, LoRa, NB-IoT, ZigBee,

COAP, REST, DDS, MQIT, XMPP, etc. are

used.

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The Steps Involved Around IoT 3- Data Processing

• Once the data gets to the cloud,

the IoT platform processes it.

• The processing can be as simple as

checking if the temperature is within

the acceptable range or it could

be very complex, such as

using computer vision on the video to

identify objects.

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The Steps Involved Around IoT 4- Data Visualization

• The processed data (Information) is

made to the end-user by

providing alerts to the user (E-Mails,

text, notification).

• The user might have

an application (interface) that allows

him to proactively check in to the

system.

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The Steps Involved Around IoT 5- Data Analysis And Prediction

• To utilize the data collected over time, data

analytics makes use of the historical data

to provide actionable insights.

• Insights help in predicting future

events that may occur.

• You can make intelligent business

decisions based on the insights and

predictions generated from the data.

40https://appscrip.com/blog/how-internet-of-things-works-process-explained/

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How it works-step by step

• Use different sensors based on your

applications.

•First Step: Sensor Data goes

toward the Gateway

• In Gateway we use open source (using

open source is an advantage!)

hardware like; Arduino, Raspberry Pi,

LiBlium and IBM + RAM

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How it works-step by step

•Second Step: Data from Gateway goes to the Cloud via Network.

• The Network is doing a very important task between Gateway hardware

and Claud platform which is needed for IoT Applications.

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How it works-step by step

• Note: How hardware can be integrated with software in IoT

platform is the confusing part.

• Converting any hardware to IoT platform by IoT Cloud platform

of Microsoft OR IBM is one solution!

• Therefore, in network, you have to understand complete OS

model with reference TCP/IP stack model and massage

protocol on every layer.

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How it works-step by step

•Third Step: From the Cloud this Data can be forwarded to user

mobile or webpage Application for monitoring Data and or sending a

command to actuator!

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How it works-step by step

• Cloud computing

will be a major part

of IoT, especially

by making all of the

connected devices

work together.

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3 Majors Communication Layers

• Device to Device (D2D) Communication Layer

• Device to Server (D2S) Communication Layer

• Server to Server (S2S) Communication Layer

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Internet of Things Architecture

Se ns

or s

Th in

Actuator Output Devices

Microcontroller Intel

Arduino Raspberry Pi

LiBlium IBM + RAM

Gateway

+ 5 V

- GND

cloud Real Word Data

Network

Device to device Device to Server Server to Server

Communication Protocols BLE/ZigBee (802.15.4) Standard

Wi-Fi, IP6LOWPAN MQTT/COAP/HTTP/LoRa

MQTT/HTTP with node.js Web-socket/Broker

Python

Get Values with Analytical

https://w w

w .youtube.com

/w atch?v=M

kW 8TU

0jcSk

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Device to Device (D2D) Communication Layer

• We should understand every layer of communication technology

• We need wireless communication to integrate sensors data to Gateways

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Device to Device (D2D) Communication Layer

• To make wireless we need to use different connectivity and protocol such as; ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,…, and RF modules.

• We need to investigate and using experiences of experts to find the appropriate protocol technology.

BLE/ZigBee (802.15.4) Standard Wi-Fi, IP6LOWPAN

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Internet of Things Architecture

Se ns

or s

Th in

Microcontroller Intel

Arduino Raspberry Pi

LiBlium IBM + RAM

Gateway

+ 5 V

- GND

cloud Real Word Data

Device to Server

• D2S communication integrates Data from gateways to IoT Claud platform (Here Network is doing an important rule)

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Device to Server (D2S) Communication Layer

• In Network there are massaging protocols for sending Data from

Gateway to Cloud

• While sending Data from hardware Gateway to Cloud may be arises

major issue such as; IoT security, power consumption and

Interoperability, which can be reduced right selection of the massaging

protocols for IoT applications

• Here MQTT, COAP, HTTP and LoRa are some massaging protocols

MQTT/COAP/HTTP/LoRa 51

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Server to Server (S2S) Communication Layer

• S2S communication layer

• We have to host Data to any server.

• Let's say Gateway Data comes to server, we have

to host it to Data Server

• We therefore need script languages such as PHP,

Java, SQL …, Python in any server side for Data

routed from backend to frontend.

• Frontend can be mobile applications or

webpages MQTT/HTTP with node.js Web-socket/Broker - Python

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How IoT Works With Key Technologies • Data management and streaming analytics.

• The Internet of Things puts high demands on data management

for big data streaming from sensors.

• Event stream processing technology – often called streaming

analytics – performs real-time data management and analytics

on IoT data to make it more valuable.

• Key capabilities include filtering, normalization,

standardization, transformation, aggregation, correlation and

temporal analysis.

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How IoT Works With Key Technologies • Big data analytics. IoT is a major contributor to big data – the

massive volume, velocity and variety of structured and

unstructured data businesses collect every day.

• Getting value from big data in IoT requires big data analytics.

• Related techniques include predictive analytics, text mining,

cloud computing, data mining, data lakes and Hadoop.

• Most organizations use a combination of these techniques to

get the most value possible from IoT.

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How IoT Works With Key Technologies

• Artificial intelligence. Some of the core techniques that AI uses are

machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing and

computer vision.

https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html 55

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Example: IoT in Farming – Smart Farming • Farmers now can understand and

grow their crops in a much better

way, this reduces cost and money.

• Smart farms have devices that

connect to the internet and provide

all kinds of real time data related to

the crops.

• This information includes soil texture,

moisture balance, pesticide levels,

water levels and livestock wellness.

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Example: IoT Warehouse Management • Warehouses and Godowns use IoT machinery and devices to keep a track of

their product generation. Using IoT in Inventory reduces time and money.

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How does a smart car function with IoT? • A smart car is updated with the latest technology.

• Smart cars can provide the shortest route to the destination, and it also

provides the estimated traffic and time to reach the destination.

• The sensor located in your car, alerts you about your surroundings. They

constantly send messages. This helps in accident control.

• Smart cars have automatic temperature control embedded in them. These

sensors are capable of sensing the weather outside and on the basis of the

information it adjusts the temperature in the car.

• In a situation where you feel dizzy and sleepy, you can activate automatic

control where the car drives itself. It does this by gathering information

through a network via the internet.

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Practical Example: Agriculture IoT System

An Example Click

Remember From Lecture 1: An agriculture example.

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Example: Agriculture IoT System

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Example: Agriculture IoT System

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Example: Agriculture IoT System

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Example: Agriculture IoT System

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Example: Agriculture IoT System

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Example: Agriculture IoT System

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Example: Agriculture IoT System

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Sample Project Paper: IoT Based Smart Parking System

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329686583_IoT_Based_Smart_Parking_System 67

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IoT Based Smart Parking System

• Title: (for example IoT Based Smart Parking System)

• Author(s): for example

Your full name Student, University of North America Email: your [email protected]

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IoT Based Smart Parking System

• Abstract: (for example)

• Keyword: (for example Arduino; IoT; Parking Lot; Traffic Congestion;

Ultrasonic Sensor)

Nowadays congestion of traffic level increases with the increasing development of population rapidly. With respect to the amount of population, the utilization of personal vehicles also increased. Due to more use of cars the traffic congestion occurred on the road. Most of the people chooses personal vehicles than public transportation.

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1- INTRODUCTION 2- EXISTING SOLUTIONS

• INTRODUCTION: for example

• EXISTING SOLUTIONS: for example

The recent growth in economy and due to the availability of low-price cars in the market, every average middle-class individual can afford a car, which is good thing, however the consequences of heavy traffic jams, pollution, less availability of roads and spot to drive the motor car.

At present some countries have portals which users can gain information about parking areas via the Internet. This system can give user the information about parking space, but it won’t be able to give which parking slot is vacant and occupied. Hence, such system cannot smartly handle the issue

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3- Motivation 4- DESIGN MODEL • MOTIVATION OF THIS PAPER: for example

• DESIGN MODEL

a) Block Diagram: for example

The main motivation of this project is to reduce the traffic jam that occurs in the urban areas which are caused by vehicles searching for parking.

The proposed system is the combination of smart parking and the Slot allocation with the web application.

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4- DESIGN MODEL (continue) b) Flowchart: for example

c) Circuit Diagram: for examle

The figure shows a flowchart of proposed system that will be clarifying the system very well.

The figure shows a Circuit Diagram of proposed system that will be clarifying the system very well.

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5- WORKING PRINCIPLE • WORKING PRINCIPLE: for example

• Arduino is the brain for the whole system. It controls and watches over all the components.

• The ultrasonic sensors will be placed in the parking slots that will encounter the presence of the cars inside the parking slots.

• One sensor will be placed beside the main entrance of the parking lot.

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6- HARDWARE COMPONENTS

• HARDWARE COMPONENTS: for example

a) Arduino Mega 2560

b) Ethernet Shield

c) Ultrasonic sensor

The hardware realization of the proposed IoT based smart parking system using LAN Server and Arduino is detailed below.

The Arduino MEGA 2560 is designed for projects that want more I/O lines, more sketch memory and more RAM.

Ethernet Shield allows internet connectivity for Arduino projects instantly.

A great ultrasonic sensor is a device that measures the length for an object using ultrasonic sound waves.

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7- PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION • PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION: for example

 The picture shows the miniature model of the Automated Car Parking Lot.

 This model has the capacity of containing four cars.  There are two sensors at the entrance to detect the

presence of car before going inside or outside of the parking lot.

 The other four sensors are plotted inside the parking lot to detect the car individually for each parking slot.

 A DC Servo motor has been used at the entrance to open and close the gate according to the signals sent by the sensors through Arduino.

Online view of system 75

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8- SYSTEM TESTING • SYSTEM TESTING: for example

Different cases have been explained and showed through the pictures in the following sections.

Case One This case shows that all the parking slots are empty and therefore, the system will allow a car to enter in to the parking lot.

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8- SYSTEM TESTING • SYSTEM TESTING: for example

Case Two This case shows that only one car is parked inside the garage and rest of the slots are empty. Therefore, the system will allow a car to enter in to the parking lot.

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8- SYSTEM TESTING • SYSTEM TESTING: for example

Case Three This case shows that two cars are parked inside the garage and rest of the slots are empty. Therefore, the system will allow a car to enter into the parking lot.

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8- SYSTEM TESTING • SYSTEM TESTING: for example

Case Four This case shows that three cars are parked inside the garage and only one slot is remained empty. Therefore, the system will allow a car to enter into the parking lot.

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8- SYSTEM TESTING • SYSTEM TESTING: for example

Case Five This case shows that four cars are parked inside the garage and there is no empty slot. Therefore, the system will not allow a car to enter into the parking lot.

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Conclusion • In conclusion, IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings,

and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data with one another.

• These devices can be controlled remotely and can communicate with each other and with a central system, such as a smartphone app or a computer program.

• The data collected by these devices can then be used to make decisions and automate processes.

• The process of IoT works by sensing, connecting, processing, storing, analyzing and acting, monitoring, and updating which is constantly monitored to ensure that the system is working properly and to identify any issues that need to be addressed.

• Using simulation tools like Cisco Packet Tracer can be a good way to understand how IoT works in a controlled environment.

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Conclusion • IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT

gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to

be analyzed or analyzed locally.

• Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and

act on the information they get from one another.

• First, sensors or devices collect data from their environment.

• Next, that data is sent to the cloud.

• Once the data gets to the cloud, software performs processing on it.

• Next, the information is made useful to the end-user in some way.

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References • 5 Components of an IoT Ecosystem

• https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem

• How IoT Works? (WEB)

• https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/how-iot-works/

• How Does Internet of Things Work? (WEB)

• https://businesstechplanet.com/how-does-internet-of-things-work/

• Artificial Intelligence, what it is and why it matters

• https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html

• A Beginner's Guide to The Internet of Things (IoT) 2022

• https://www.wevolver.com/article/a-beginners-guide-to-the-internet-of-things-iot-2022

• How IoT Works.

• https://appscrip.com/blog/how-internet-of-things-works-process-explained/