essay

BRM Research Methods

Lecture 5 Referencing

Prof. Cecilia Simkievich

Overview �  Introduction �  What is referencing? �  Why referencing? �  Citations �  Bibliography �  Exercises �  Source: Harvard Referencing Style Guide.

Introduction •  When writing an academic piece of work, it is very important to

focus on the topic, relevant literature, and research methodology. However, we must not forget the style. A good topic and a sound methodology can be misunderstood because of a bad writing or an incorrect style.

•  Writing in the appropriate style is key to present a serious piece of academic work. We must be formal, objective, use the third person voice and, most importantly, follow the conventions established by the University regarding references.

•  Every student of the European Business School is expected to follow the Harvard Referencing Style Guide in any piece of work they produce.

What is referencing? •  What distinguishes an academic piece of work from any other piece of

writing is the existence of references. •  Referencing is used to acknowledge the use of other people’s work and

ideas in your own work. It also allows the reader to locate the information you have used, so you must identify these sources by including the following:

-  Citation: quoting or paraphrasing sources in the body of the text. This is often referred to as in-text citation. It usually provides brief information such as author, date and page numbers.

-  Bibliography/References: a list of the sources used in your work. Full details of the sources are given.

Why referencing? •  Referencing not only allows the reader to be able to locate the

information you provide, but also helps in avoiding plagiarism. •  Plagiarism occurs when attempting to present another person’s work as

your own. When you include the arguments, ideas, or theories of someone else without referencing them, or use the exact words they have used and present them as your own argument, then this is considered plagiarism.

•  These can be written words or ideas, an artefact, musical composition, choreography, image or string of computer code. Plagiarism in written work can occur intentionally (e.g. you copy a section from a book without referencing it) or unintentionally (e.g. you paraphrase another person's work but forget to list it as a source).

Why referencing? •  The university has a a system in place to assist in detecting plagiarism:

Turnitin. Turnitin provides an originality report each time a student submits an assignment. The report can be used to detect potential matches in an assignment submission with a wide range of online materials including websites and ebooks and other student’s work.

•  Note: Just changing one or two words somewhere in the quotation does not mean it becomes your own work and you do not need to reference it. This is still a form of plagiarism.

•  Note: A lack of awareness of the rules of referencing is not an acceptable excuse for plagiarism so please double check all of your quotations and paraphrases and make sure every source is listed correctly in your bibliography/reference list.

Citations Paraphrasing •  When you include the arguments, ideas, or theories of anyone other than

yourself in your assignment and put them into your own words, this is called paraphrasing.

•  Paraphrasing can be used in a number of situations in your essays: -  You might be referring to a school of thought. -  You might be summarizing a chapter or a whole book. -  You might be summarizing an idea. •  Whenever you paraphrase, you will need to acknowledge the source

you originally obtained the information from. If you do not include an acknowledgement or it is incorrectly, then this is plagiarism.

Citation Quoting •  You might be more familiar with this element of referencing. When you

include the exact words of someone else’s work in your essay you are quoting.

•  You must indicate that the words you are using are not your own. To do this, use ‘single inverted commas’ around the words you are quoting (“speech marks” are usually used for quoting direct speech).

Citations How to set out citations in your text •  With each quotation or paraphrase that appears in your work, there must

be some acknowledgement of where that information came from. •  In academic writing we call this acknowledgement ‘a citation’. The

form the citation takes will vary depending on the type of referencing style you are using. In the Harvard referencing style, we use an in-text citation (i.e. the citation appears within the sentences and paragraphs of your assignment), not a foot note). This citation is a brief summary of the source used, noting the author’s surname, date, and page number.

•  Standard formats: - If you are quoting, use the following layout: (Author, Date: Pages). Example: (Smith, 2003:12). - If you are paraphrasing, use the following layout: (Author, Date) . Example: (Smith, 2013).

Citations Conventions for quotations •  If quoting short text within a sentence, enclose the quotation in ‘single

inverted commas’. Example: - In Smith (1985:150) the author states that ‘........’ - One author states that ‘.........’ (Smith, 1985:150) •  If quoting longer text (50 words or more), set out the quotation in a new

paragraph with no quotation marks. Indent the quote on the left-hand side. Example:

Conjunctions have the semantic role of indicating in which way the new information links to the previous sentence. It may be additional (additive), conflicting (adversative), explanatory (causal) or simply the next thing that is to be said on the subject (continuative). (Smith, 1985:150)

Citations Punctuation and Quotations •  It is very important that you do not forget to punctuate your sentences

when you are quoting or paraphrasing. The full stop must always be placed on the outside of the last bracket. Example:

-  Correct: Smith (2008:43) argues that ‘it is essential to punctuate your sentences correctly’.

-  Incorrect: Smith (2008:43) argues that ‘it is essential to punctuate your sentences correctly.’

Citations In-text citation: two authors •  Display the surnames and initials of both authors in your text. Example: -  (Pears & Shields, 2008) or -  Pears, R. & Shields, G. (2008)

In-text citations: three or more authors •  You only need to list the surname of the first author followed by the

words ‘et al.’. Example: - (Mabey et al., 1998:50) •  However, in the bibliography, you must acknowledge every author.

Example: - Mabey, C. Salaman, G., & Storey, J. (1998) Strategic human resource management: a reader. London: Sage.

Citations Example of paragraph with in-text citations •  Acker (2006), however, argues that all work organizations have

‘inequality regimes’ that are fluid and reflect patterns of inequality in the surrounding society, but they are not always visible to all members. While the culture of early education is clearly gendered and feminized, Williams (1992) notes that white men teachers experience a ‘glass escalator’, elevated into higher positions such as administration. The same does not hold true for black men, who experience a ‘glass barrier’ in feminized occupations, and are often met with hostility and racism from patients and coworkers (Wingfield, 2009). In many cases, black male nurses were exposed to frontstage race behaviors (Picca and Feagin, 2007). These studies demonstrate that racial and gender privilege in professional occupations is fluid and varies depending on the organization, even if individuals perform similar duties.

Exercise: Which version is correct? 1a) It has been said that ‘all children learn through play’ (Smith, 2003:62). 1b) It has been said that ‘all children learn through play’ (Smith, 2003, 62). 2a) (Smith 2003:62) believes that ‘all children learn through play’. 2b) Smith (2003:62) believes that ‘all children learn through play’. 2c) Smith (2003:62) believes that ‘all children learn through play.’ 3a) Play is an important part of children’s development:

I have never known a playgroup in which children fail to thrive. There can be no doubt that all children learn through play. (Smith, 2003:62)

3b) Play is an important part of children’s development: I have never known a playgroup in which children fail to thrive. There can be no doubt that all children learn through play. Smith, 2003:62

Bibliography •  In-text citations are just a quick summary of which source you have

used. A bibliography (or reference list) provides full details of each source you have used in your essay in alphabetical order. The details you need to provide will vary depending on the type of sources you have used, but may include information such as the place of publication and publisher, the full web address, the original broadcast date and the date the source was accessed.

•  Note: -  Bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have looked at to help

you compile the essay, even if you have not made direct mention to them in the text.

-  Reference list is a list that only includes sources you have directly quoted or paraphrased in your work.

Bibliography •  Your bibliography or reference list should be laid out as neatly as

possible, so it is easy for the reader to find the full details of each source you are referring to.

•  Choose a clear font in an easy to read size (at least size 12). Space out each entry with a line in between each one and alphabetize the list from A-Z.

Bibliography How to reference books •  Book with one author Author (Year) Title of Book. (Edition - if not first edition.) Place of Publication: Publisher. Example: Cooper, H. (2002) History in the Early Years. (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. •  Book with two authors Author & Author (Year) Title of Book. (Edition - if not first edition.) Place of Publication: Publisher. Example: Chazan, M. & Laing A. F. (1982) Children with Special Needs. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Bibliography •  Book with more than two authors Author, Author & Author (Year) Title of Book. (Edition - if not first edition.) Place of Publication: Publisher. Example: Goodman, S., Lillis, T., Maybin J. & Mercer, N. (2003) Language, Literacy and Education: A Reader. Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books. •  Book in other language Author (Year) Title in original language [English translation of title, if required]. Place of publication: Publisher. Example: Esquivel, L. (2003) Como Agua Para Chocolate [Like Water for Chocolate]. Barcelona: Debolsillo.

Bibliography How to reference journals, magazines & newspapers •  Article from print journal Author (Year) Title of article. Title of Journal. Volume(Issue) Pages. Example: Frostag, P. & Pijl, S.J. (2007) Does being friendly help in making friends? European Journal of Special Needs Education. 20(1) pp. 15-30. •  Article from electronic journal Author (Year) Title of article. Title of Journal. Volume(Issue) Pages. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy). Example: Ball, C. & Gettinger, M. (2009) Monitoring children’s growth in early literacy skills. Education & Treatment of Children. 32(3) pp.189-212. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com (Accessed: 15 June 2009).

Bibliography •  Article from newspaper or magazine Author (Day, Month, Year) Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Pages. Example: Curtis, P. (15th June, 2009) Tory plan to end primary school Sats and have new test at secondaries branded 'half-baked’. The Guardian. pp. 6-7. If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).

Bibliography How to reference thesis/master’s dissertations Author (Year) Title of Work. Type of Thesis. Name of Institution. Available at: (Accessed dd/mm/yy). Example: Petridis, P. (2010) Notes at the Edge of Landscape. PHD Thesis. University of Sunderland. Available at: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/3309/ (Accessed:12/08/14). How to reference webpages Author/Corporate author (Year) Title of Webpage. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy). Example: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (2009) Signs of Safety® in England. Available at: http://www.nspcc.org.uk/ Inform/research/findings/signs-of-safety (Accessed: 14/08/14).

Bibliography How to reference publications of international organizations Name of organization or institution (Year) Title of Report. Place of Publication: Publisher. Example: United Nations (2015) Human Development Report 2015. New York: United Nations Development Program. If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy). In-text citation: use name of Organization, e.g. (United Nations, 2015)

Bibliography Example bibliography •  Ball, C. & Gettinger, M. (2009) Monitoring children’s growth in early

literacy skills. Education & Treatment of Children. 32(3) pp.189-212. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com (Accessed: 15/06/09).

•  Butroyd, R.(2008) Relationships with children and young people. In: Denby, N. (ed.) How to Achieve your QTS: A Guide for Students. London: Sage. pp.25-46.

•  Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000. Elizabeth II. (Chapter 16) London: The Stationery Office.

•  Cooper, H. (2002) History in the Early Years. (2nd ed.) London: Routledge. McGoldrick, T. (2007) Email to Joyce Millan. 7th September.

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