research paper 1
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Lecture2ImperialChina.pptxImperial China
The Qin Dynasty And The First Emperor
The Qin Dynasty emerged as the dominating state after a period of infighting between six eastern Chinese states
To maintain control over their empire the Qin Kings centralized their power
The first Qin King called himself the First Emperor
Centralization, the process of decision making and control are concentrated to a specific group
The Qin Dynasty And The First Emperor
Government rules of operations and legal codes applied to all parts of empire
Introduced standardized money, writing and measurement system
Government controlled education and thought
Teachers and the educated who dissented with Qin rule were put to death or banished
Censorship was enacted towards Confucian scholars and teachings
Censorship is when a government suppresses speech or the written word it finds critical or objectionable
The Qin Dynasty And The First Emperor
The Great Wall was built to stop invasions of nomadic people who were raiding frontier of Qin empire
Great Wall is a combinations of four wall systems of various construction quality
Was built by forced labor and oppressive taxes
Wall is 3,754 miles long and housed soldiers who fought invaders from towers and fortresses
The Qin Dynasty And Legalism
Under Legalism the law was the supreme authority and all people were equal under the eyes of the law
Positions in government had power, power did not lie in people and it was government’s duty to rule not people
No true creator to legalism but was influenced by writings of supporters of a strong government
The Han Dynasty: Daily Life
1 out 10 lived in walled cities that had planned streets and blocks
Government buildings and trade centers were incorporated into city design
Poor lived in shanty homes, young men joined gangs and wore identifying clothes and terrorized people
The rich lived in lavish large decorated homes in secluded areas of the city
Wealthy wore the nicest and most comfortable clothes
The Han Dynasty: The Merchants and The Craftsmen
Merchant a successful occupation and rank but it was despised
Rich and poor despised them because they were they were not born rich and did not farm the land
Laws were passed to ban the merchant class from own chariots and horses
The Han Dynasty: Education
Public schools introduced because believed educated were key to good government
Wealthy went to private schools and taught math, sciences, literature, religion and arts
Jobs were given to educated people who received pay for their work
The Silk Road
Silk Road, was a major trade route which sold China’s secret commodity (silk)
Chinese Silk Road connected China to the Roman Empire
Silk Road was protected by Great Wall
Employed mandatory military service to maintain empire
Confucianism
Confucius born 551 B.C. to wealthy family who eventual became poor
Passionate about learning believed to be most educated in China and sought out as teacher
Confucianism stresses the need to develop responsibility and moral behavior through rigid rules of behavior
It stressed a way of behaving, so you’ll do the right things
Taoism
Taoism is a philosophy, a way of looking at life and a way of thinking about things
Taoists believe if you look at life and think about things in the right way, you'll be much happier
Taoists believe it's very important to discover who we are
Early Contacts with Europeans
16th century – Portuguese traded for silk and tea
Portuguese followed by the Dutch and English
Chinese History
1644 – conquered by Manchus
Qing dynasty
Chinese forced to wear pigtails (sign of subservient status)
18th century
Manchus began restricting Europeans – missionaries and traders
First Opium War (1839-1842)
British brought opium from India to Canton
Many Chinese became addicts
Chinese emperor forbade opium imports
War between British and Chinese
Treaty of Nanking (1842)
Four additional British ports in China
Amoy, Ningpo, Foochow, Shanghai
British control over Hong Kong
China had to pay an indemnity
China limited to 5% tariff
Other Westerners in China
Belgium, France, Holland (Netherlands), Portugal, Prussia (Germany), United States
Spheres of influence
Exclusive trading areas
Extraterritoriality
Tried in their own courts and under their own laws
Second Opium War (1856-1860)
Also known as the Arrow War
Results
More Chinese ports opened up to European trade
Opium traffic legalized
Protection of Christian missionaries
All foreign vessels could navigate the Yangtze River
U.S. and Russia also participated in peace process
Russia’s border extended to Amur River
Maritime Provinces – Pacific area without permafrost
Founded Vladivostok in 1860
More Foreign Control of China
Annam, etc.
Merged into French Indo-China (1883)
Burma (Myanmar)
Annexed by British (1886)
Formosa
Attacked and taken by Japanese (1895)
Korea
Annexed by Japanese (1910)
Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria)
Concessions to Japanese (1910)
Manchuria
Imperial powers (particularly Japan and Russia) vied for control of the Manchurian Railway
France, Germany, and Russia coerced Japan to return the Liaotung Peninsula to China
New Scramble for China
France
Kwangchow – 99-year lease
Germany
Shantung Peninsula – sphere of influence
Great Britain
Wei-hai-wei – naval base
Yangtze valley – sphere of influence
Russia
Liaotung Peninsula – lease
Manchuria – economic concessions
Open Door Policy
Proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay (1899)
Fear that China would be carved up between imperialist powers
Left China’s independence and territory intact
All nations could trade equally in China
Endorsed internationally
But not always strictly followed
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Chinese people resented foreign influence and power
Order of the Patriotic Harmonious Fists
Called “Boxers” by Westerners
Demanded that foreigners leave China
Killed circa 300 and vandalized foreign property
European imperialists, Americans, and Japanese put down the rebellion
China paid $333,000,000 in damages and had to permit military forces in Peking (Beijing) and Tientsin
Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)
De facto Chinese monarch (1861-1908)
“Make me unhappy for a day and I will make you unhappy for a lifetime.”
Conservative and anti-foreign
Blamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China
Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
Emperor Puyi – the “Last Emperor”
Lived 1906-1967
Ruled China 1908-1912, and as a puppet for 12 days in 1917
Puppet emperor of Manchukuo (Japanese-ruled Manchuria), 1932-1945
Spent ten years in a Soviet prison after WWII
Lived a quiet life as a regular citizen in communist China
Died of disease during the Cultural Revolution (1967)
Republican Revolution
Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)
Founded Kuomintang (Nationalist party)
Overthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty
Established a republic
President of Chinese Republic who succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai
Kuomintang symbol
Republic of China: Weaknesses
Disunity
Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control
Wars raged between 1912 and 1928
Foreign imperialists
Americans, Europeans, and Japanese
Poor transportation
1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track
225,000 miles in the smaller United States
Few decent roads
Foreign Imperialists
Twenty-One Demands (1915)
Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate
Action condemned and stopped by other leading world powers
World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
China attempted to abolish concessions and extraterritoriality
Attempt failed
China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles
Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian possessions and rights
Three Principles of the People
Book published by Sun Yat-sen before his death in 1925
Principle of Mínquán
Democracy – the people are sovereign
Principle of Mínzú
Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism
Principle of Mínshēng
Livelihood – economic development, industrialization, land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism
Growth of Communism
Sun Yat-sen appealed for Russian (Soviet) aid following the Versailles Conference
1921-1925 – China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda, and loans
Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China
Chinese flag, 1912-1928
The Kuomintang is Split
Right wing
Business people
Politicians
Left wing
Communists
Intellectuals
Radicals
Students
Nationalist Revolution
Sun Yat-sen succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek
Communists expelled by Kuomintang
1926-1928 – war to control the warlords
Capital moved from Peiping (a.k.a. Peking, today’s Beijing) to Nanking (Nanjing)
Presidential Palace under Kuomintang Government in Nanjing
Possible anecdote: The Kuomintang changed the name of Peking/Beijing to Peiping (or Beiping) in 1928.
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Civil War in China
1927-1932 and 1933-1937 – war between Communists and Nationalists
Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek
War halted 1932-1933 and 1937-1945 to fight Japanese aggression
Communists were victorious in 1949
Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)
End of imperialism in China
Hong Kong returned to China in 1997
