Espionage
Dcook-tulane.edu
Lecture2-TheBigPicture.pptmClass Two: The Big Picture
How we all got here
Spy of the Week – Nathan Hale
Born in 1755 in Connecticut.
Enlisted in September 1775, served in and around New York from 1775 to September 1776.
Volunteers to reconnoiter British positions after the Battle of Long Island in September 1776.
How’d it end?
Arrested prior to rendezvousing with American forces.
Executed in New York on 22 Sept 1776.
Nathan Hale - Summary
Length of espionage – Under 1 month.
Damage done – None.
Fate – Death.
Memorable (possibly true) quote: “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”
Cable Translation Time!
Things we care about:
Who’s it from?
When was it sent?
Who is it to?
What’s the subject?
What does it mean?
Today’s Lecture
1) A brief intro to intelligence
2) The US Intelligence Community
History.
Legal backbone.
Who does what.
3) Intel apparatuses of our chief adversaries.
Russia
China
Iran
4) Intel apparatuses of our “friends”
UK & the Commonwealth
Israel
France
The Different Types of Intelligence*
Human Intelligence (HUMINT)
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)
Imagery Intelligence (IMINT)
Measurement & Signals Intelligence (MASINT)
Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)
* All definitions courtesy of “TERMS & DEFINITIONS OF INTEREST FOR DoD COUNTERINTELLIGENCE PROFESSIONALS”, Office of Counterintelligence - Defense Intelligence Agency, 02 May 2011
HUMINT
Human Intelligence (HUMINT) – “A category of intelligence derived from information collected and provided by human sources.”
Some HUMINT Definitions
Compartmentation – “The principle of controlling access to sensitive information so that it is available only to those individuals or organizational components with an official ”need-to-know” and only to the extent required for the performance of assigned responsibilities.”
Compromise – “The known or suspected exposure of clandestine personnel, installations, or other assets or of classified information or material, to an unauthorized person.”
Penetration – “The recruitment of agents within…an organization or group for the purpose of acquiring information or of influencing its activities.”
SIGINT
“The collection and exploitation of signals transmitted from communication systems, radars, and weapon systems”
In the US -- “SIGINT is collected in a variety of ways depending on the type of signal targeted. The National Security Agency (NSA) collects the raw SIGINT and then NSA translators, cryptologists, analysts, and other technical experts turn the raw data into something that an all-source analyst can use.”
IMINT
“The technical, geographic, and intelligence information derived through the interpretation or analysis of imagery and collateral materials.”
MASINT
“Information produced by quantitative and qualitative analysis of physical attributes of targets and events in order to characterize, and identify them.”
This’ll be the last time we talk about MASINT.
OSINT
“Information of potential intelligence value that is available to the general public.”
“OSINT generally falls into four categories: 1) widely available data and information; 2) targeted commercial data; 3) individual experts; and 4) “gray” literature, which consists of written information produced by the private sector, government, and academia that has limited availability, either because few copies are produced, existence of the material is largely unknown, or access to information is constrained.”
The US Intel Community
Made up of 17 agencies:
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Mission Managers:
CIA, DIA, FBI, NGA, NRO, NSA
Departmental:
DEA, DOE, DHS, State Department, Treasury
Military Services:
NASIC, NGIC, ONI, MCIA, CGI.
The US Intelligence Cycle
Source: FBI
Requirements
“Identified information needs”
Strategically set in the US by the National Intelligence Priorities Framework (NIPF).
Guidance from the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to the intelligence community
What do we want to know and how badly do we want to know it?
Planning and Direction
“The determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies.”
Set by individual agencies.
What specifically do we want to know and what means can we use to get it?
Collection
“The acquisition of information to meet an intelligence requirement.”
The actual gathering of intelligence through HUMINT, SIGINT, IMINT, MASINT, ELINT, OSINT, etc.
The process of obtaining the information.
Processing and Exploitation
“The conversion of collected information into forms suitable to the production of intelligence.”
Back end steps to enable the raw information to be presented to analysts and policymakers.
Translation, source protection, source validation, transformation into a reportable format.
What was collected and is it reliable?
Analysis and Production
“The conversion of processed information into intelligence through the integration, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of all source data and the preparation of intelligence products in support of known or anticipated user requirements.”
Taking intelligence reports and turning them into finished intelligence for customers.
What does it all mean?
Dissemination
“The timely conveyance of intelligence in suitable form to customers.”
Customers receive finished intelligence, informs NIPF priorities as needed.
Process starts all over again.
Getting intelligence analysis into the hands of customers.
Three Men Can Keep A Secret So Long As Two Are Dead
Intelligence is a balance between Need-to-Know and Need-to-Share.
Need-to-Know: Only those with a specific reason for accessing information should receive access to it.
Need-to-Share: Information should be shared with as many customers as possible (Responsibility to Provide).
This class shows why this balance exists and what happens when it gets out of order.
US Intelligence – American Revolution
Largely military-based, not political-focused.
Designed to gain advantage on the battlefield and perform counterespionage.
George Washington, John Jay and Benjamin Franklin ran America’s first HUMINT & CI operations.
Still unidentified agents lived in Boston and reported on British military activity as early as 1775.
Continental Congress created the Committee of Secret Correspondence to gather intel to help with the war effort.*
* - The Evolution of the U.S. Intelligence Community-An Historical Overview - 2000 Congressional Study
Successful Spy – Enoch Crosby*
Shoemaker from Dansbury, Connecticut.
Left the Continental Army and introduced to a Tory spy ring in New York.
Exposed the ring to John Jay, arrested along with his co-conspirators but “escaped.”
Given $30 and a horse to continue spying.
Exposed numerous British spies but never any major ones. Always managed to “escape” when “captured.”
* Spying in America: Espionage from the Revolutionary War to the Dawn of the Cold War; Michael Sulick, 2015.
British Spies During the Revolution*
Benjamin Church – Member of the Sons of Liberty and agent for the British. Arrested after having his mistress attempt to communicate with a British officer. Imprisoned until 1778, left Boston on a ship that was never heard from again.
Edward Bancroft – American in France working with Benjamin Franklin. Attempted to prevent France from allying with the US. Espionage undetected until the 1880s (60 years after his death).
Benedict Arnold – General in the Continental Army who attempted to give West Point to the British. Defected to the British after discovery.
* Spying in America: Espionage from the Revolutionary War to the Dawn of the Cold War; Michael Sulick, 2015.
US Intelligence – Civil War*
Some Union and Confederate attempts at espionage.
Allan Pinkerton formed the Union Intelligence Service during the Civil War (predecessor of Secret Service).
Bureau of Military Intelligence was established in 1863 by the Union, America’s first professional intelligence organization.
The Confederacy formed the Signal and Secret Service Bureau.
Largely focused on obtaining Northern newspapers.
“There was probably more espionage in one year in any medieval Italian city than in the four-year War of Secession.” – Allen Dulles*
* Spying in America: Espionage from the Revolutionary War to the Dawn of the Cold War; Michael Sulick, 2015.
US Intelligence – Civil War to WWII
Secret Service handled counterespionage from the end of the Civil War until World War I.
Office of Naval Intelligence founded in 1882.
First modern US intelligence agency.
FBI established in 1908, began US counterintelligence mission in 1917.
Coast Guard Intelligence founded in 1915.
Foreign Data Section of the Army Signal Corps created in 1917.
The State Department’s Cipher Bureau (AKA the American Black Chamber)
Established in 1919 following WWI, tasked with breaking diplomatic communications of foreign adversaries.
Run by the State Department until 1929 when closed because “Gentlemen do not read each other’s mail” - Herbert Yardley
Wrote The American Black Chamber detailing US SIGINT efforts in 1931.
Expansion of intelligence efforts halted after WWI until the beginning of WWII.
German Intelligence Efforts During WWI
Captain Franz Von Papen led a spy ring of various low level Germans and Irish in the US who were sympathetic to the German cause (or hated the British.
Operations stopped after von Papen fell asleep on a train and hastily departed it sans briefcase. Secret Service quickly picked it up and identified plans for subverting US government.
Captain Franz Rintelen von Kleist followed von Papen and tried to set up a sabotage ring.
Arrested by British authorities, von Kleist claimed to not be German. Spoke perfect English but snapped to attention when barked at in German.
Intelligence Community 1940 to 1947
Department of Energy intelligence function begins with the Manhattan Project in the early 1940s.
Office of Strategic Services (OSS) founded in 1942.
Collected intelligence, spread propaganda, organized resistance during World War II.
Established as a civilian organization directly responsible to the President.
A host of military intelligence and counterintelligence organizations were created during WWII.
Central Intelligence Group (CIG) created in January 1946 after dissolution of OSS.
Primary mission was to avoid another Pearl Harbor.
National Security Act of 1947
Signed by President Truman on 26 Jul 1947.
Creates a framework for US intelligence and defense after World War II.
Establishes the National Security Council presided over by the President.
Created the Central Intelligence Agency run by the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI).
Explicitly given no police or internal security functions.
Created the Department of Defense run by the Secretary of Defense.
Establishes the US Air Force.
“It is the intent of Congress to provide a comprehensive program for the future security of the United States.”
US Intel Community During the Cold War
National Security Agency (NSA) established in 1952.
State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) formally created in 1957.
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) founded in 1961 to integrate DoD intelligence activities.
National Reconnaissance Office created in 1961 to coordinate satellite imagery programs.
Existence of the NRO would not be declassified until 1992.
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) founded in 1973.
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US Intel Community 1991 to 2004
National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC) established in 1994.
Marine Corps Intelligence Activity (MCIA) formed in 2002.
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) formed in 2003.
Formed from CIA’s National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA).
Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis created in 2003.
Treasury Department’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis created in 2004.
9/11 and Iraq WMDs
Two major intelligence failures within two years of one another.
9/11:
Analysts failed to anticipate the methods terrorists might use in a major attack even if they generally estimated the heavy threat environment correctly.
Iraq WMDs:
Analysts were wrong about Iraq’s WMD program.
Four suggestions were: create a DNI, fully integrate the FBI, challenge the IC and rethink the PDB.
Resulted in the 9/11 Commission Report and the “Final Report of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction”
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA)
Director of National Intelligence (DNI) created in response to the 9/11 Commission Report.
DNI “serves as head of the intelligence community”.
The United States Intelligence Community Today
Intelligence Hierarchy Today
POTUS
Congress – House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) & Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI).
Director of National Intelligence.
Mission Managers:
CIA (HUMINT), DIA (Defense), NSA (SIGINT) NGA (IMINT), NRO (Satellite Recon), FBI (Domestic CI).
Departmental:
DEA, DOE, DHS, Treasury, State Department.
Armed Forces:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Coast Guard.
A Brief History of HUMINT & the CIA
CIA currently made up of five Directorates
Directorate of Support (DS)
Directorate of Analysis (DA)
Directorate of Science and Technology (DS&T)
Directorate of Operations (DO)
Directorate of Digital Innovation (DDI)
CIA also made up of ten Mission Centers
Africa
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Eurasia
Near East
South & Central Asia
Western Hemisphere
Counterintelligence
Counterterrorism
Global Issues
Weapons and Counterproliferation
CIA Organization (as of 2015)
CIA Organizational History
Directorate of Administration created in 1950.
Renamed the Directorate of Support in 2005.
Directorate of Plans created in 1952.
Directorate of Plans renamed the Directorate of Operations (DO) in 1973.
Renamed the National Clandestine Service (NCS) in 2005.
Renamed again back to DO in 2015.
Directorate of Science and Technology (DS&T) created in 1963.
Directorate of Intelligence created in 1952.
Renamed the Directorate of Analysis in 2015.
Directorate of Digital Innovation created in 2015.
CIA’s HUMINT Responsibilities
Executive Order 12333 – 04 Dec 1981 – authorizes the CIA to:
“Collect, produce and disseminate” foreign intelligence and counterintelligence.
“Collect, produce and disseminate” intelligence on narcotics.
Conduct counterintelligence operations outside of the US.
Conduct counterintelligence operations inside the US in coordination with the FBI.
Conduct covert action outside the US.
A Brief History of CI & the FBI
FBI formed in 1909, initially largely focused on tackling crime.
Given primacy for domestic counterintelligence in 1917.
Some foreign work performed during World War II against Nazi efforts in South and Central America.
Current counterintelligence role focused within the National Security Branch.
Counterintelligence Division
Counterterrorism Division
Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate
FBI Organizational Chart (as of 2014)
Russian Intelligence 1866 to Present
Russia ruled by Tsars from around the 1500s to 1917.
Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order (Okhrana) formed in 1880.
Primarily concerned with internal security, combatting revolutionaries, etc.
Foreign intelligence a secondary concern (if at all).
Russian Revolution - Cheka
Russian Revolution begins in 1917.
Cheka formed on December 20, 1917.
The All-Russian Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage
Headed by Felix Dzerzhinsky (Iron Felix)
Primarily concerned with Soviet internal security and protecting Soviet state functions.
Aggressively suppressed any forms of opposition it could find.
Responsible for the “Red Terror” which resulted in the murder of up to 1.5 million people from 1918 to 1922.
Foreign Department responsible for locating counterrevolutionaries outside of Russia is established in 1920.
Russian Intelligence GPU to NKVD
State Political Directorate (GPU) replaces the Cheka in 1922.
GPU becomes the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) in 1923.
OGPU penetrates and largely destroys Russian anti-Communist opposition inside and outside of Russia.
OGPU’s responsibilities transferred to the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) in 1934.
Great Purge begins in 1934 and kills up to 1.2 million people. Lavrenti Beria named head of NKVD in 1938 at the end of the Great Purge.
People’s Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) separated from NKVD in Feb 1941, returned to NKVD after German invasion of Soviet Union that summer.
Russian Intelligence NKVD to KGB
World War II ends and the NKVD splits into the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) and Ministry for State Security (MGB).
Joseph Stalin dies in March 1953, Beria is arrested in June and executed in December.
Committee for State Security (KGB) replaces MGB in 1954.
Russian Intelligence KGB
Responsible for both foreign intelligence and counterintelligence within the Soviet Union.
Important components to know:
First Chief Directorate (foreign intelligence operations)
(Akin to the CIA)
Second Chief Directorate (internal security & counterintelligence)
(Akin to the FBI)
Eighth Chief Directorate (Communications and cryptology) & Sixteenth Chief Directorate (SIGINT)
(Akin to the NSA)
KGB First Chief Directorate
Responsible for the gathering of foreign intelligence information.
Officers divided into Directorates (when serving within Russia) and Lines (when serving overseas)
Some important Directorates/Lines to remember:
Directorate K (Line KR) – Counterintelligence
Directorate S (Line N) – Illegals support
Directorate OT (Line OT) – Technical operations
Directorate T (Line X) – Science and technology
Directorate PR (Line PR) – Political intelligence
Russian Military Intelligence
Military intelligence gathering began with the founding of the Soviet Union.
GRU
By 1942, Soviet military intelligence became known as the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU).
Had many of the same responsibilities as the KGB although the KGB was responsible for military counterintelligence.
Operated residencies, ran illegals and assets.
GRU also has SIGINT responsibilities and large special forces (Spetsnaz) mission.
Russian Intelligence Post Soviet Intelligence
Soviet Union breaks up in 1991 after a failed coup led (in part) by the head of the KGB. KGB split into different organizations based on missions.
Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) tasked with foreign intelligence gathering and counterintelligence.
Child of the KGB First Chief Directorate.
Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) tasked with domestic counterintelligence, internal security and counterterrorism.
Child of the KGB Second Chief Directorate.
Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information (FAPSI)
Child of the KGB Center 8 and KGB Center 16.
Other smaller agencies formed to take over different KGB functions.
Modern Russian Intelligence Structure
Three main intelligence agencies today:
Federal Security Service (FSB)
Formed in 1995 from the FSK. Role expanded in 2003 when FAPSI and the border guard service are rolled into the FSB.
Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR)
Main Intelligence Directorate of the Russian General Staff (GRU)
Summing Up Russia
Okhrana Cheka GPU OGPU NKVD MGB KGB SVR/FSK SVR/FSB
Foreign Intelligence
Military Intelligence
GRU
Some of the Rest – United Kingdom
United Kingdom –
Secret Service Bureau founded in 1909.
Split into nineteen separate military intelligence agencies after World War I.
Only MI5 and MI6 remain today.
MI6 - British Secret Intelligence Service (BSIS or SIS) – Responsibility for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence collection.
MI5 - British Security Service (BSS) – Responsible for domestic counterintelligence and counterterrorism.
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) – Responsible for foreign SIGINT
Some of the Rest – The Five Eyes
Intelligence sharing group made up by the US, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Sometimes New Zealand is dropped to become Four Eyes.
Most intelligence sharing among the group is SIGINT.
Some (but less) HUMINT cooperation.
HUMINT sharing is typically done at the bilateral vs. multilateral level.
Some of the Rest - Israel
Israel –
Mossad – foreign intelligence operations.
Formed in 1949 after Israeli independence.
Shin Bet – domestic security, counterintelligence and counterterrorism.
Operates in Israel and the Palestinian Territories.
Aman – military intelligence.
Relatively unique in military intelligence circles for interest in political as well as military matters.
Some of the Rest - Iran
Iran –
Intelligence activity is mainly conducted by the Ministry of Internal Security (MOIS).
Replaced SAVAK, the secret police under the Shah, in 1984.
Holds both the HUMINT and counterintelligence role within the Iranian government.
Works closely with elements considered to be terrorists by the US and others.
Particularly cooperates with Hezbollah.
Some of the Rest - China
China -
Ministry of State Security
Served as the primary intelligence agency of the Communist Party of China until 1949.
Has both foreign intelligence gathering and domestic counterintelligence responsibilities.
People’s Liberation Army
China’s military intelligence apparatus.
Conducts military-related counterintelligence, HUMINT and SIGINT.
Some of the Rest - North Korea
North Korea
Ministry of State Security
North Korea’s primary counterintelligence service.
Operates North Korea’s prison camp system.
United Front Department
Manages overt pro-North Korean groups in South Korea.
Reconnaissance General Bureau
Clandestine intelligence operations (cyber, foreign intelligence, etc.)
