PSYSCHOLOGY PSY101
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Lecture11.pptxPSY101 Introduction to Cultural Psychology
Lecture 11
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Chapter 14 - Culture and Social behaviour
Culture and Social behaviour
All tables and figures Copyright ©2017 Cengage Learning.
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Outline
Cultural Influences on How We Perceive People
Person Perception and Impression Formation
Culture and Face Recognition
Culture and Attractiveness
Culture and Attributions
What Are Attributions, and Where Do They Come From?
Early Research on Cultural Differences in Attributional Styles
Contemporary Research: Universality and Culture- Specificity of Attributional Styles
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Outline
Mate Selection, Love, and Marriage across Cultures
Culture and Mate Selection
Culture and Love
Culture and Marriage
Intercultural Marriages
Culture and Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
Culture and Cooperation
Outline
Culture and Intergroup Relations
Ingroups and Outgroups
Stereotypes
Ethnocentrism and Prejudice
Discrimination
Culture and Aggression
Acculturation
Conclusion
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Cultural Influences on How We Perceive People
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Person Perception
Process of forming impressions of others
Judgments of appearance and attractiveness
Personality traits
Recognizing others
Cultural differences exist
Process is influenced by nonverbal cues gained from the media
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Culture and Face Recognition
Ability to recognize people’s faces is important for creating social bonds
People recognize individuals of their own race better than the individuals of another race
Result of:
Attitudes toward people of same and other races
Social orientation
Task difficulty
Experience
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Culture and Attractiveness
Universal standard of attractiveness exists but the meaning of attractiveness varies across cultures
Nonverbal cues influence the way people perceive others’ attractiveness
Individual differences exist in the judgments of attractiveness
Different cultures ascribe different personality characteristics to those who are good-looking
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Culture and Attributions
Attributions
Inferences people make about the causes of events or behaviours of their own or others
Knowing that other people are intentional agents help in making inferences
Allows one to explain things, to put things in order, and to make sense of the world
Making attributions is a universal psychological process
Types of Attributions
Specify the cause of a behaviour within a person
Known as dispositional attributions
Internal attributions
Locate the cause of a behaviour outside a person
Known as situational dispositions
External attributions
Early Research on Cultural Differences in Attributional Styles
Attribution may be subject to biases in thinking
Fundamental attribution error: Explaining the behaviours of others using internal attributions, but using external attribution to explain one’s own behaviour
Not pervasive among people of certain cultures
Self-serving bias: People attribute good deeds and successes to their internal attributes, but attribute bad deeds or failures to external factors
Americans and Japanese differ in their degree of responsibility taking
Contemporary Research: Universality and Culture-Specificity of Attributional Styles
Choi, Nisbett, and Norenzayan (1999)
There were no cultural differences in the attributions of the Koreans or the Americans when dispositional and situational information was present
Mezulis, Abramson, Hyde, and Hankin (2004)
Found universality in self-serving bias
Religious affiliations and dialectical thinking
Variables that cause differences in attributional styles
Mate Selection, Love, and Marriage across Cultures
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Culture and Mate Selection
What do people look for in a mate, and is it different across cultures?
Past research has supported universal mate-selection preferences:
Females- resource acquisition in potential mates
Males –attractiveness of potential mates
More recent research in American sample shows a convergence of preferences
Buss, D. M., Shackelford, T. K., Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Larsen, R. J. (2001). A half century of mate preferences: The cultural evolution of values. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(2), 491-503.
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Culture and Mate Selection
Cultural differences in mate preferences:
Americans prefer expressivity & openness, and sense of humour
Japanese rank intelligence and a good conversationalist highly
Russia: outgoing and sociable
All rank kind & understanding as most important
Cultures with more economic resources have higher rates of mate-poaching
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Culture and Love
Love - Unique human emotion that aids in finding potential mates and creates a social support system
Cultural differences in attitudes about love
The French and Americans show higher love commitment and disclosure maintenance than the Japanese
Romantic love is valued in cultures with few strong, extended family ties
Less valued in cultures in with strong kinship networks
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Culture and Marriage
Marriage - Institutionalized relationship that publicly recognizes the long-term commitment made by two people to each other
Normativeness exists in the way people form romantic attachments
Cultural differences are found in:
Formation of romantic attachments
Views regarding the role of love in marriage
Arranged marriages
Common in many cultures of the world
Viewed as an alliance between two families
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Intercultural Marriages
Conflicts in intercultural marriages
Expression of love and intimacy
Nature of commitment and attitudes toward marriage
Approaches to child-rearing
Perceptions of male-female roles
Differences in domestic money management
Perceptions of relationships with extended family
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Culture and Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
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Culture and Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
Conformity
Obedience
Compliance
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure
Yielding to social pressure in one's public behaviour, even though one's private beliefs have not changed
Form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands
Culture
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Culture and Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
The Asch experiments
Studied compliance that resulted from subtle, implied pressure
Milgram studies
Highlighted the potential negative and harmful effects of compliance and obedience
Levels of conformity differ across cultures
Result of historical prevalence of disease-causing pathogens
Culture and Cooperation
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Culture and Cooperation
Cooperation: People’s ability to work together toward common goals
Based on unique cognitive abilities
Cultural differences in cooperation
Exists because of the sanctioning system within which individuals exist
Punishment promotes cooperation in societies with high rather than low trust
Intercultural interactions produce increased competitiveness and less cooperation
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Culture and Intergroup Relations
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Ingroups and Outgroups
Ingroups: Individuals with a history of shared experiences and anticipatory future
Produce a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust
Outgroups: People who lack ingroup qualities
Group entitativity - Perception of groups as real entities and not collections of individuals
Perceptions of outgroups is associated with infrahumanization
Infrahumanization: Belief that others lack human qualities
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Table 14.2 - Self-Ingroup and Self-Outgroup Relationship Differences as a Function of Individualism and Collectivism
Source: Adapted from Triandis et al. (1988).
Table 14.3 - Some Consequences of Cultural Differences in Ingroup-Outgroup Relationships
Cultural Origins of Ingroup Favoritism
Ingroup favoritism co-evolved along with the emergence of cultures
Highest in countries with demanding climates and low income
Lowest in countries with demanding climates and high income
Types - Patriotism, nepotism, and familism
Related to both climate and resources
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Stereotypes
Generalized images people have about others that can either be positive or negative
Types
Autostereotypes: Stereotypes about one’s own group
Heterostereotypes: Stereotypes about other groups
Origins of stereotypes
Products of selective attention, attribution, concept formation, and memory
Occur due to the categorization of concepts by people
Stereotypes can change depending on major events
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Content of Stereotypes
People in all cultures have stereotypes of others
Content of stereotypes share universal features
Cultural differences in stereotypes
Citizens of smaller nations have more negative stereotypes about larger nations and vice versa
Applying stereotypes uniformly without recognizing individual differences within a cultural or ethnic group can be dangerous
Collective threat: Fear that an ingroup member’s behaviour can reinforce negative stereotypes about one’s group
Ethnocentrism and Prejudice
Ethnocentrism: Viewing the world through one’s own cultural filters
Prejudice: Tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership
Includes cognitive and affective components
Explicit prejudice: Verbalized and made public
Difficult to measure
Implicit prejudice: Prejudicial attitudes, values, or beliefs that are unspoken and outside conscious awareness
Measured using Implicit Association Test (IAT)
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Ethnocentrism and Prejudice
Factors that contribute to the universality of ethnocentrism and prejudice
Kinship sentiment and social and cultural factors
Competition between groups
Aspects of personality
Contact hypothesis: Proposition that contact between groups is effective in reducing prejudice
Optimal conditions are equal status, common goals, cooperation, and support from authorities, law, or custom
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Discrimination
Unfair treatment of others based on their group membership
Prejudice is thinking/feeling, discrimination is doing
Institutional discrimination: Occurs on the level of a large group, society, organization, or institution
Known as various -isms
Can exist in explicit norms of an organization
Negative effects - Depression and generalized anxiety disorder
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Culture and Aggression
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Culture and Aggression
Aggression: Act that intentionally hurts another person physically or psychologically
Culture facilitates or prohibits channeling of aggressive behaviours as a means of social control
Cultures of honor: Cultures which place a strong emphasis on status and reputation
Plays a role in domestic violence, depression, and suicide
Other influences on aggression
Stress, social support systems, exposure to video games,
and climate
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Acculturation
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Acculturation
Process by which people adopt a different cultural system
Components
Intercultural adaptation: Adapting behaviours or ways of thinking to the new cultural environment
Knowledge of the target culture’s norms, beliefs, attitudes, and values is necessary for adaptation
Intercultural adjustment: Subjective experiences people have as they adapt their behaviours and thinking
Aiding factors - Cultural fit and emotion regulation
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Figure 14.3 - Berry’s Four Basic Acculturation Strategies
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Conclusion
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Conclusion
People’s behaviours, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by each other
Despite behavioural differences across cultures, there are universalities as well
Culture produces differences in how goals are defined to address universal needs and motives
There is culture-constant belief or value based on which people operate on as human beings
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