research paper three
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lecture10Modernzationandtransformationinjapan.pptxModernization and Transformation of Japan
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Modernization and Transformation of Japan
Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the early 20th century
The rise of militarism and its consequences
Reconstruction and growth after WWII
Relations with other Asian Countries
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Early 20th century: time span-the first half of the 20th century
Overview: how to deal with the complicity of the conditions and features
Rise of militarism: relative importance of the various factors & features; impact on Japan; impact on Asia—far-reaching impact on the relations between Japan and other Asian countries
Post-war economic growth: focus on economy—why (common & specific factors) and how (with stages?); remind of the irrelevancy of political, social or even ideological conditions in Japan
Relations with other Asian countries: change and continuity
Overall: change and continuity of economic conditions in the whole 20th century; 20th century: up to 2000 (e.g. economic situation; relations with other countries)
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
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Political conditions
Social conditions
Economic conditions
Cultural conditions
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Current Syllabus
Early 20th century: time span-the first half of the 20th century
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Political conditions
Social conditions
Economic conditions
Cultural conditions
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
NSS Syllabus
Assess the extent to which Japan was modernized
Assess the extent to which Japan was modernized
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Showa Period
[1926-1989 ]
Meiji Period
[1868-1912]
Taisho Period
[ 1912-1926]
Early 20th Century
Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
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Political conditions
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Overview of the 20th century Japan
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Establishment of Seiyukai in 1900
2. Rise of Political Parties and Liberal Twenties
Political Conditions
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Meiji Constitution
Rise of political parties, e.g. Seiyukai (政友會) &
Minseito (民政黨)
Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
1. Constitutional
Monarchy
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Establishment of Seiyukai in 1900
2. Rise of Political Parties and Liberal Twenties
Political Conditions
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Crowd assembled before the House of Representatives gate, February 5, 1913
Political Conditions
3. Political Instability
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1900-01: Eight-Power Expedition
1902: Anglo-Japanese Alliance
1904-05: Russo-Japanese War
1914-18: WWI
1921-22: Washington Conference
1924-27 & 29-31: Shidehara Diplomacy
1931: Shenyang Incident
Political Conditions
4. Foreign Relations
Economic conditions
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Overview of the 20th century Japan
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Economic Ups and Downs
Economic boom:
E.g. Russo-Japanese War
E.g. WWI
Economic bust:
E.g. 1923: Great Tokyo Earthquake
E.g. 1927: Bank Crisis
E.g. 1929: Great Depression
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Economic Conditions
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Economic Ups and Downs
Economic boom:
Economic bust:
1923: Great
Tokyo
Earthquake
1927: Bank Crisis
1929: Great
Depression
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
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Industrialization
As a world industrial power, esp. in WWI
Focus: From light industries to heavy/military industries
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A Match Factory in Late Taisho
Economic Conditions
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Agriculture
Crucial source of state tax revenues
Land tax: 80% of government income
By 1920: supported the growing population with increased output
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Economic Conditions
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Yasuda
(安田)
Mitsubishi
(三菱)
Mitsui (三井)
Sumitomo
(住友)
Economic Conditions
Domination of Zaibatsu
Monopolized capitalism
Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Yasuda
Social conditions
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Overview of the 20th century Japan
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Urbanization
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Rapid growth of population in cities, esp. Tokyo, Osaka, etc.
gas, modern water supply system, electronic cars and public transport routes/system
Increasing number of department stores, shopping streets, entertainment centres
A Market in the Taisho Period
Department store in the Taisho period
Shopping street in the early Showa period
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Widening gaps between different social classes
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Urban areas: life of workers
-long working hours…
Rural areas: life of peasants
-maintenance of tenancy
-still living in poverty
Rice Riot in 1918
Burnt-out remains of Suzuki Store in Kobe, August 12, 1918
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Unions, strikes, demonstrations
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Basic human rights under the Meiji Constitution
Many labour organizations , e.g.1912: Friendly Society
Labour Movements1925:
Peace Preservation Law
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High degree of freedom?
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Women’s status
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Basic human rights(Meiji Constitution) + free education
1911: Bluestocking Society (青鞜社) & a magazine ‘Bluestocking’
1920: New Women’s Association
-New Women’s Association was later dissolved
-Less social constraints: e.g. freedom of marriage, publication of magazines, becoming a working force in different occupations like journalist, typist, bookkeeper, telephone receptionist, shroff ….
1920: got the right of political speech in public
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
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The women's class of the Iwate Teachers' School., 1914
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Cultural conditions
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Overview of the 20th century Japan
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Tradition preserved
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-Shintoism (state religion)
-Confucianism
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Popularity of Western Culture
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-western hairstyles, wearing suits, eating beefs and drinking milk
-publication of monthly magazines, weekly magazines
-Western and Japanese movies, drama
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Westernized? Traditional?
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Social equality: abolition of class divisions
Western style of living: e.g. food, clothing, ceremony, western movies,
-Any social problems related to the modernization?e.g. due to the economic development?
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Distinctive literature
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-Incorporating Western ideas into the Japanese literature
-e.g. Mori Ogai’s novels and critiques
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Factors for the Rise of Militarism and its Impact
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Current Syllabus
Analyse the factors leading to the rise of militarism and assess its impact on Japan and Asia as a whole
Analyse the factors leading to the rise of militarism and assess its impact on Japan and Asia as a whole
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Analyse the factors leading to the rise of militarism and assess its impact on Japan and Asia as a whole
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
NSS Syllabus
Analyze the ways in which such conditions led to the rise of militarism
Analyze the ways in which such conditions led to the rise of militarism
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Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
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Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
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Militaristic Tradition
Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
Weaknesses of the Party Government
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Corruption of the Parties
Lack of Mass Support
Economic Crises
Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
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Rise of domestic needs
A Japanese poster promoting emigration to Korea and Manchuria in the 1930s
A Japanese poster recruiting youngsters to join the army to invade Manchuria
Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
Inglorious Foreign Policy
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Japan in Washington Conference
Japan in London Naval Conference of 1930
Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
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Western Discrimination
Immigration Restriction Act 1924
Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
Rise of Extreme Nationalistic Ideas
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Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
Factors for the Rise of Militarism
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Militaristic Tradition
Weaknesses of the Party Government
Western discrimination against Japan
Inglorious Foreign Policy
Growing domestic needs
Rise of Extreme Nationalistic Ideas
International Situation
Relative Importance of various factors/conditions ?
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What Conditions were favourable to the Rise of Militarism?
Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
Emphasis on the use of force
Stress on absolute loyalty and obedience
Promotion of foreign expansion
Pan-Asianism
Anti-communism
Characteristics
Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
Consequences of Militarism for Asia
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Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
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Consequences of Militarism for Asia
Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
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Consequences of Militarism for Japan
Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact
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Reconstruction and growth after WWII
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Current Syllabus
Explain why and how Japan’s economy recovered and grew in the post WWII period
Factors for Postwar Economic Growth
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Explain why and how Japan’s economy recovered and grew in the post WWII period
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NSS Syllabus
Trace and explain Japan’s economic recovery and growth as well as political and social developments in the post WWII period
Trace and explain Japan’s economic recovery and growth as well as political and social developments in the post WWII period
Factors for Postwar Economic Growth
Early 20th century: time span-the first half of the 20th century
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Postwar Economic Situation
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Hiroshima after WWII
Nagasaki after WWII
Factors for Postwar Economic Growth
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Postwar Economic Situation
Factors for Postwar Economic Growth
百年物語 disk2
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Economic Reconstruction (1945 – 1952)
Economic ‘Miracle’ (1952 – 73)
Oil Crisis (1973 - 75)
Thriving Through the Oil Crisis (1975-89)
Economic Slowdown (1990s onwards)
Factors for Postwar Economic Growth
Reasons for each period???
Common Factors???
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Factors for Postwar Economic Growth
Common Factors
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Role of the US: SCAP & Post-SCAP Policies
Active Role of the Japanese Government
National Characters of the Japanese
Favourable International Circumstances
Relative Importance?
Factors for Postwar Economic Growth
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Relationship between Economic Development and Foreign Relations?
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Relationship between Economic Development and Foreign Relations?
Postwar Political Developments
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Demilitarization (SCAP Period)
SCAP dissolved the army and navy immediately
Americans disbanded the oppressive Special Higher Police (‘thought police’)
Tried some 6000 military men for conventional war crimes, such as abuse of prisoners
International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Tokyo Trial
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Postwar Political Developments
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Democracy (SCAP Period)
SCAP Declaration:
Postwar constitution: Pacifist Constitution平和憲法
Human rights
Against Discrimination
Article 9
SCAP Declaration:
freedom of speech, press, and assembly and right to organize labour or farmer unions
Extended civil and political rights to women
Pacifist Constitution平和憲法, 1947
-Emperor is merely a symbol and that he derives "his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power
-confirmed to provide ‘fundamental human right’
-outlawed discrimination based on sex, race, creed, social status, or family origin
- article 9 –forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes
-guaranteed equality in marriage, divorce, property, inheritance and other matters pertaining to marriage and the family
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Driving Force of Democracy?
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Foreign Relations?
Postwar Political Developments
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Party Development (SCAP Period)
2 major prewar parties regrouped: Seiyukai --Liberal Party (Jiyuto) & Minseito-- Democratic Party (Minshuto)
Non-communist Party gained support
Japan Communist Party: functioned for the first time and gained support
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Postwar Political Developments
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Party Development (SCAP Period)
Japan Socialist Party: won a plurality in the 1947 election
BUT: old guard parties returned to power
Liberal and Democratic Parties
Red Purge
Japan Socialist Party: won a plurality in the 1947 election and formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Party
BUT: old guard parties returned to power
Liberal and Democratic Parties: presented as reluctant wartime collaborators; determined not to change too much; delivered protection and subsidies to prewar supporters
Red Purge: outlawed strikes by public employees and weaken protective labour standards
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Postwar Political Developments
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Party Development (Post SCAP Period)
Struggle between conservatives and progressives
Japan Communist Party (JCP) declined disastrously
Liberal and Domocratic Parties joined to form Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
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Postwar Social Developments
Black Market
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Poor living condition in early postwar period
Starvation
1946: poor harvests and a paralyzed rationing system—urban food crisis
Average height and weight of elementary school children decreased until 1948
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Postwar Political Developments
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Demographic Development
Early postwar period: dramatic baby boom
Migration of rural population to cities--urbanization
Birth control: New Life Program
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Postwar Political Developments
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Urbanization
1950-60s: 1 million people left the countryside for cities each year
Tokyo and Osaka continued to sprawl
Decrease in number of full time farmers; but expanded part-time farmers
Diminishing the gap between people in living styles in rural and urban areas
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Postwar Political Developments
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Infrastructure
Increased paved roads
High speed ‘bullet train’ began service between Osaka and Tokyo in 1964
New trunk line, ‘shinkansen’
-paved roads: 1 % of roads in 1946; 46 % in 1980
-bullet trains: cut the traveling time from 8 to 3 hours
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Postwar Social Developments
Education (SCAP Period):
Wartime textbooks were rewritten
Replace lessons for war and loyalty to the state with teachings of peace and democracy
Imperial label was removed
1947: compulsory education was extended through 9 grade
1947: Women were granted access to private and public universities
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Postwar Social Developments
Education (Post SCAP)
Hierarchical system remained: middle school, high school, college or university
Increasing number of youths advanced to high school
Educated-based hierarchy
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Postwar Political Developments
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Women’s Status (SCAP period)
Recruiting women to work as prostitutes in ‘Recreation and Amusement Centers
Extended civil and political rights to women
First post-war elections: 39 women were elected to the Diet, 10% of the seats
But the dominant position of males in the family and in society at large was not overturned by constitutional reform
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Postwar Social Developments
Shifted from working in textile companies to electronic companies
Living in company housing and enjoying very constraining benefits of paternalistic management policies
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Women’s Status (Post SCAP period)
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Postwar Social Developments
Gender Inequality
Male graduates: entered managerial positions
Female graduates: faced tremendous barriers
Schooling for female: courses in home economics, health—learned the skills of good wives and mothers
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Male graduates: entered managerial positions
Female graduates: faced tremendous barriers
Schooling for female: courses in home economics, health—learned the skills of good wives and mothers; 90% students in 2-year colleges were women and offered courses of home economics, education and literature; ¾ students at 4-year colleges were men who studied engineering
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Postwar Social Developments
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Family Pattern
Nuclear families & extended families: co-existed
Single family homes of middle-classes
Extended family pattern changed
Arranged marriage to ‘love marriage’
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Postwar Social Developments
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Cultural and leisure activities/Living Style
Mass media continued to play a key role
Provided powerful sense of belongings
TV broadcasting-NHK
Change in social consciousness
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Relations with other Asian countries
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
Current Syllabus
Cite elements indicating change and continuity in Japan’s political, economic and cultural relations with other Asian countries
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Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20th century
NSS Syllabus
Cite examples to illustrate both change and continuity in Japan’s political, economic and cultural relations with other Asian countries
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Relations with Other Asian Countries
Political Relations
Economic Relations
Cultural Relations
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Relations with Other Asian Countries
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Relations with Other Asian Countries
Chronological approach
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1950s
1960s1960s
1970s
1980s and after
Problem: confined to political and economic aspects
Thematic
approach
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Political: improving relations with Asian countries
Change and continuity??
Relations with Other Asian Countries
Obstacles:
Denials of Aggression
Official visits to Yasukuni Shrine
Denials to Asian people's Quest for War Compensation
Territorial Disputes with China
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Economic: From limited economic contact to strengthening economic relations with Asian countries
Relations with Other Asian Countries
Thematic approach
Change and continuity??
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Cultural: increasing cultural influences of Japan in Asian countries
Relations with Other Asian Countries
Thematic approach
Change and continuity??
Cartoons, movies, toys, sony, shishedo
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Economic and Cultural Influence of Japan?
Thank You
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