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Chapter 1:

What Is Organizational

Behavior?

A Crisis of Leadership?

• Gallup Study:

• 70% of full-time workers hate their jobs or have

“checked out”

• Main contributing factor: their boss

• Workers often spread their unhappiness or engage

in deviance

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 2

A Crisis of Leadership?

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 3

What Is Organizational Behavior?

• Organizational behavior (OB): the study of

individuals and their behaviors at work

• Interdisciplinary and multi-level research

• Draws from applied psychology, cultural

anthropology, communication, and sociology

• Applied science

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 4

What Is Organizational Behavior?

• Hawthorne studies led to a focus on the role of

human behavior in organizations

• Hawthorne Effect: positive responses in

attitudes and performance when researchers

pay attention to a particular group of workers

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 5

What Is Organizational Behavior?

• Four essential determinations:

• Description--What does the process look like?

• Prediction--Will the process occur again? And when?

• Explanation--Why is this happening?

• Control--Can we change whether or not this happens?

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 6

Evidence-Based Management

• Evidence-based management: The ability to

translate research to practice

• EBM improves a leader’s decisions by

disciplined application of the most relevant and

current scientific evidence

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 7

Evidence-Based Management

• Four sources of information:

• The best available scientific evidence

• The best available organizational evidence

• The best available experiential evidence

• Organizational values and stakeholders' concerns

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 8

Evidence-Based Management

• The following standards may be applied by leaders using EBM to ask questions and challenge their thinking about their organizations:

• Stop treating old ideas as if they were brand new

• Be suspicious of “breakthrough” studies and ideas

• Develop and celebrate collective brilliance

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 9

Evidence-Based Management

• Emphasize drawbacks as well as virtues

• Use success (and failure) stories to illustrate

sound practices but not in place of a valid

research method

• Adopt a neutral stance toward ideologies and

theories

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 10

What Is Critical Thinking?

• "Critical thinking calls for persistent effort to

examine any belief or supposed form of

knowledge in the light of evidence that

supports it and the further conclusions to which

it tends.” (Glaser, 1941)

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 11

What Is Critical Thinking?

• Critical thinking has three interrelated parts

• The elements of thought (reasoning)

• The intellectual standards that applied to the

elements of reasoning

• The intellectual traits associated with a cultivated

critical thinker

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 12

What Is Critical Thinking?

• Critical thinking skills:

• Rationality

• Self-awareness

• Honesty

• Open-mindedness

• Discipline

• Judgment

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 13

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 14

What Is Critical Thinking?

The Scientific Method

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior 2e. © SAGE Publications, 2019. 15

Outcome Variables in Organizational Behavior

• Performance and productivity

• Work-related attitudes

• Employee well-being

• Motivation

• Employee withdrawal

Outcome Variables in Organizational

Behavior

Levels of Analysis in Organizational Behavior

• Individual level of analysis

• Dyad (or two-party) level of analysis

• Group (team) level of analysis

• Organizational level of analysis

• Industry level of analysis

Increasing Employee Performance

Theory X and Theory Y

• “Leader behaviors are influenced by

fundamental assumptions and beliefs about

human nature. Most managers are not aware

of their underlying assumptions that thus, their

influence on behavior is pervasive, yet hard to

detect.” (McGregor, 1960)

Theory X and Theory Y

• Theory X

• Leaders assume people are lazy

• Don’t like to work

• Avoid responsibility

• Theory Y

• Leaders assume people are motivated

• Like to work

• Will accept responsibility

Leadership Implications

• Critical Thinking

• Analyze your own experiences and behaviors

• Understand and analyze the relevance and

importance of research findings

Leadership Implications

• Critical Thinking

• Effective leader

• Effective manager