missing conclusion in overall case study analysis along with the correlation with the text book information in regards to global health issues.

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Research and Journal: Wage Discrimination

Wage discrimination refers to the situation where an employer pays a certain person or group of people less than another for the substantially equal amount of work measure. In other words, it involves compensations including salary, overtime pay, profit ratios, insurance opportunities, all expenses, and benefits in different measures for the same amount of work. Additionally, discrimination in wage payment may also occur in situations where a woman holds quite a unique position in her job that as compared to her counterparts but receives less payment than male counterparts due to sex wage discrimination (Schieder and Elise 78). The Paycheck Fairness Act covers the issue of wage discrimination based on sexual orientation. Gladwell as well gives strategies on how to defy one’s disadvantages and be able to register success. Shakespeare, on the other hand gives the results of unlawful acquisition of power.

In the year 2008, it was revealed that the average annual earnings of women was 77.5% of men’s earnings (Schieder and Elise 78). The Paycheck Fairness act was meant to provide punishment for employers for retaliating against their employees who share salary information. Besides, it puts the weight of justification on employers as to some explanations to why a person is paid less and allows workers to sue their bosses for punitive damages of wage discrimination. Another provision that the bill covers is that it proposes to start training women in strategies that may make them have the skills to negotiate their wages better and strongly (Institute for Women's Policy Research 36).

On the issue of wage discrimination based on gender, Clinton, one of the presidential candidates In the United States, called for the passage of the Paycheck Fairness Act other than advocating for payment of family leaves. Clinton has also been witnessed as a long proponent of gender equality in terms of wage payments. She portrayed this proposition during her time as a senator and she continues to call for the passage of the Act times after her reign as a senator. She asserts that “failure to ensure equal wages for women impacts families and the broad economy” and additionally, she asserted that “that it’s the whole state’s problem and not just a women’s problem” (Leonhardt, 33).

The Paycheck Fairness law was established in 2015 under the Standard Act of Fair Labor of 1938 (Leonhardt, 33). It is as well referred to as the law of Equal pay which purposed at examining and revising the wage discrimination legislation aimed at sexual harassment and sexual discrimination when it comes to wage and labor among others (Leonhardt, 33). It was precisely meant to offer more performing solutions to those who face discrimination in salary awarding due to their gender group as well as other causes. The Paycheck Fairness law looks into the exceptions regarding the restriction for a salary level variation on the grounds of any other aspect besides the sex of the person. It limits aspects to bonafide levels for instance education, training as well as experience. In summary, the law made to contribute to the struggle to fight against the pay difference that exists in the country on the basis of a person’s sex (Library of Congress 78).

The law of Paycheck Fairness besides driving to bring to a stop the existence of wage discrimination in places of employment, it adds that the factor defense can be used on terms such as at times when the employer shows that the variation in payment does not originate from differentiation of gender in compensation. In the constitution on page 56, the act states that “all activities brought forward to instill the prohibition against discrimination on basis of sex may be kept as a class work in which people may be included as party participants without their approval.” Discrimination in salary awarding should also be related to the nature of job done by a person as of their position at work. To attain a possibility of defending themselves, employers should show that the wage differentiation is based on necessities of the business or job. There are as well cases where the defense cannot be of use such as in situations where there exists an alternative employment plan that would as well serve the said purpose without having to base on the wage differentiation in question. Defense is also inapplicable in a situation where the employer has intentionally refused to adopt or ignored the existence of the alternative practice (Library of Congress 79).

To address the issue of discrimination in wage payment, the Paycheck Fairness Act seeks to defend employees and enable them to have their rights served commonly. As portrayed from research articles, women happen to be the most targeted victims of wage discrimination by being awarded 77.5% of men’s salary as stated (Schieder and Elise 78). The bill additionally prevents employers from retaliating against workers who forward complaints of wage discrimination. It, therefore, seeks to not only ensure that employees are awarded equally for matching efforts but to also protect them from their employers in case they realize their participation in giving the information (Schieder and Elise 78). Employees who go against the law of wage differentiation are chargeable by law through punishment or compensating the compliant with an exception of the federal government. It additionally allows the Secretary of Labor to ask for compensation or punishment of those who are held guilt in a cases of discrimination in the payment of salaries or benefits. The law of Paycheck Fairness insists that the concerned authorities should fully claim the responsibility to train the people who are affected or those who could possibly face issues of wage discrimination (Schieder and Elise 78).

The United States constitution limits the power of the government as well as employers to discriminate. According to the constitution “……all men are created equal, they are endowed by their Creator with certain undeniable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”. The amendments required that every person be considered to have an equal chance to live and practice their rights. It further states that when the governments become destructive people should insist on abolishing them in an effort that will make them achieve their own happiness, satisfaction and equality. The constitution goes ahead to state that governments should laying the foundations on principles such as giving the right to life, liberty, happiness, safety and mainly equity.

Gladwell in his book, ‘David and Goliath: underdogs, misfits, and the art of battling giants’, portrays giants as things that people battle with as the things that come into their lives and not literally just giants. Gladwell in Chapter seven of his book gives the story of a young mother, Rosemary, who survived during the struggles and problems in Northern Ireland between the Catholics and Protestants. Ireland called on the British army to protect the citizens but they turned on the Ireland forcing the citizens to become disobedient (Leonhardt, 33) As a result of the reigning brutality among the government, a revolution arose. Unlike Rosemary’s situation, Joanne, head of city’s Housing Bureau in Brownsville reveals that treating juveniles with love makes them choose better behavior in life. He showed that authoritative figures do not necessarily have to be the enemy. Gladwell finalized his argument by portraying that authority need to show respect to the people to establish legitimacy (Gladwell, 67).

In chapter eight, Gladwell gives an example of Reynolds, who lost his daughter to a shooting several years back. Reynolds gives his experiences to a family that is a victim of losing a daughter to murder and advises them not to take the road he took of dwelling in pain and revenge as the consequences were too much. “I was taught that there was an alternative way to deal with injustice,” Derksen asserted” I was taught it in school….We were taught the history of persecution”. Gladwell makes Wilma Derksen, the girl’s mother the focus of his article. After being advised by Reynolds to be careful not to let her daughter’s death get into her and mentally eat her alive. Derksen asserted that she could have started her version of three strikes like Reynolds but decided not to as she stated that “it would have gotten harder. I think I would have lost Cliff, I think I would have lost my children. I would be doing to others what he did to Candace”. She resolves to despise focusing on revenge which was said by Reynolds to cause a lot of pain to the victim. Wilma chooses to forgive her daughter’s killer where she chooses to forgive and forget (Gladwell, 60).

In this expression, a man employs the full power of the state in his grief and ends up plugging his government into a meaningless and costly situation. A woman who finds the strength to forgive walks away from power and saves her marriage and sanity. Gladwell’s lessons are valid in the field of discrimination in that, it does not always have to be the hard way that leads to success. Wage discrimination specifically does not have to be the only way that employers make more profits by paying their workers differently for equal efforts. It also gives the discriminated people the advice that they do not have to dwell on revenge against their oppressors as it can lead to more chaos (Lewis, 111).

King Richard III is used by Shakespeare to illustrate the effects of malicious, power-hunger and bitter filled character. After quite long period of war involving the York and Lancaster royal families, England undergoes a peaceful time under King Edward the fourth. Edward’s younger brother Richard, however, resents Edward’s power and the happiness of people and decides to kill anyone to become the king. Richard uses his intelligence of deception and wins his campaign for the throne. He has several people murdered in order to achieve the throne and puts one of the murders on his brother King Edward to accelerate his illness and death. He finally takes over the throne from his brother but has the people fearing him for his reign of terror. When Richmond, who is from the Lancaster family rises up to oppose Richard, the people fully support him. Richmond kills Richard and becomes the ruler of England as Edward VII (Shakespeare, 57).

Shakespeare’s aim in this context was to show that authority does not have to be gained the wrong way as there will always be consequences. At a point in the book, Ann, Edwards’s daughter is aware of Richard’s deceit and tells him “Foul devil, for God’s sake, hence and trouble us not, for thou has made the happy earth thy hell…... if though delight to view thy heinous deeds.” In the view of wage discrimination, it is clear that it is neither right nor safe for employers to discriminate and underpay some of their employees as the repercussions will always follow their actions. These repercussions come to them in form of lawsuits, having to lose more money to compensation of their workers when they go to court, etc. It is, therefore, a moral from Shakespeare’s story about King Richard III that people should acquire everything rightfully and fairly (Craig, 57).

In conclusion, from the scripts, it is clear that obtaining power does not have to involve the concept if depriving other people of their rightful place in the society. Additionally, grabbing power and exploiting other people to gain power always has its own effects as the people are likely to retaliate at some point in an effort to gain their rights and freedoms in the society. It is therefore advisable as implied by Shakespeare to ensure that one does not forcefully get into power as the world is always watching and will at some point repay for the bad deeds they were exposed to. According to the statement of the constitution as well, it is not right to treat people differently under any basis as it is likely to result to unpleasant situations .This has as well been backed by Gladwell’s narration in his book. Power and greed can therefore be said to be a great infection in the modern day society and this calls for all people in the community to make sure that all individuals are accorded treatment with respect by all other people in the society.

Works Cited

Craig, William James. "The Tragedy of King Richard the Third - Online Library Of Liberty". Oll.Libertyfund.Org, 2016, http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/shakespeare-the-tragedy-of- king-richard-the-third.

Gladwell, Malcolm. David and Goliath: Underdogs, misfits and the art of battling giants. Penguin UK, 2013.

Hillary for America. "Hillary Clinton on Women's Rights and Opportunity". Hillaryclinton.Com, 2015, https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/womens-rights-and- opportunity/.

Institute for Women's Policy Research. "Pay Equity & Discrimination — IWPR". Iwpr.Org, 2016, http://www.iwpr.org/initiatives/pay-equity-and-discrimination.

Leonhardt, Megan. "Where Presidential Candidates Stand On Equal Pay". MONEY.Com, 2016, http://time.com/money/4291017/presidential-candidates-equal-pay/.

Lewis, Tim. "Malcolm Gladwell Explains Himself". Esquire, 2016, http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/news/a5033/malcolm-gladwell-interview-profile-2013/.

Library of Congress. "H.R.1619 - Paycheck Fairness Act". Congress.Gov, 2016, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house- bill/1619?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22women%22%5D%7D.

National Women's Law Center,. "How The Paycheck Fairness Act Will Strengthen The Equal Pay Act - NWLC". NWLC, 2016, https://nwlc.org/resources/how-paycheck-fairness-act- will-strengthen-equal-pay-act/.

Schieder, Jessica and Elise Gould. "“Women’s Work” And the Gender Pay Gap: How Discrimination, Societal Norms, And Other Forces Affect Women’s Occupational Choices—And Their Pay". Economic Policy Institute, 2016, http://www.epi.org/publication/womens-work-and-the-gender-pay-gap-how- discrimination-societal-norms-and-other-forces-affect-womens-occupational-choices- and-their-pay/.

Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of King Richard III. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.

The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, "America's Founding Documents". National Archives. N.p., 2016. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.