Order 1296847: Read Instructions

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III. Lab Reports --Your lab report is meant to communicate what you did, how you did it, and what your results were. The report should be clearly written and focus on results. It must be as long as necessary but no longer. The basic outline for your reports is given below. A more detailed description is in the Appendices. If your notes are good and follow the formats outlined above then the report becomes much easier to write. The lab reports in this class must have a cover page that includes the title of the lab, date of lab, the lab section, and the name of lab partners. After the cover page, the report is divided into roughly seven parts:

A. Objective- Two or three sentences clearly defining the goal of the lab and what you expect to show by the end of the lab.

B. Theory- Use this section to explain theory being tested by the experiment.

Variables that need to be measured must be defined here. Constants or parameter values held fixed in the experiment are identified. Equations relating the variables go in this section. Equations should be typeset using Word’s Microsoft Equation editor and math and symbol fonts.

C. Procedure – Briefly explain how you used the lab equipment to reach the

experimental result and satisfy the objectives. Avoid making this a list.

D. Data- The data from your experiment must be reported here in a neat and organized fashion. Tables from your lab notebook should be recreated in Excel and Word and presented in your report. Tables must have borders and headings and explanatory captions. Units must be reported, e.g. lengths in cm or meters, masses in grams or kilograms, or else the numerical data is useless. Estimate the uncertainties in the measurements due to the precision of the measuring devices. Plots of computer data go here if they are going to be used for the analysis in the next section.

E. Analysis- To be useful, the data reported in part D must be plotted, averaged, or

otherwise mathematically manipulated. Explain briefly what formulas you are using and explain what variables you are graphing, averaging, etc. and why. Graphs must have axis labels including units and have explanatory captions. Explicitly show any calculations and then calculate standard deviations or percent errors for your results. Answers to numerical questions asked in the lab write up should be incorporated into the analysis.

F. Conclusions- Your conclusions should address whether the goal of the lab was

reached, why errors resulted, and a general evaluation of the experiment. “Human Error” is not an acceptable reason for an unsuccessful experiment. Errors occur, but you must specifically cite what error or errors made in the experiment could cause the discrepancy of the size found in your experiment. Large errors usually mean you made a procedural error or error in a calculation and these should be fixed before you write your final report.

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Please notice that large data tables or long calculations not part of the main argument of the report should be placed in appendices. It is not acceptable to copy and past multiple pages of data from Excel into a report and call it “results.” Likewise, pasting multiple screen shots from Logger Pro into the report unnecessarily is unacceptable. Include one or at most two graphs per procedure in the report to illustrate how you found an average or slope and then summarize the resulting data in a table. If each trial run required a separate graph to find the average or slope and you must show those graphs, then save them in an appendix rather than clutter the report. Any outside sources used for equations or theory must be cited on a reference page. NOTE: The preceding description of the lab report may seem intimidating, but it actually makes writing each lab easier. Since the format of the report is decided in advance, you can focus on the logic of the lab, the presentation of the data, and the analysis of the data instead of the structure of the report. The format of the report is a template you fill in for each experiment. A sample lab report is online on Black Board.

IV. Lab Work – Students should read the lab in advance and be familiar with the equipment required for the lab and how to use it. The student should make notes about any changes in the equipment or procedure in their notebook during lab. This raises the issue of notebooks again: Notes on each lab must be kept for the duration of this class for each lab. The lab manual can be used for this since the lab manual has space to record data and make notes about the experiments. The data written in your laboratory notes is the primary record of your work. Keep the manual and notebook until the quarter is finished. If there is a question about the work done or handed in you must be able to produce written copies of the original data and experimental notes. The lab manual must be brought to every lab class. A computer file without written notes is not sufficient. We will use Excel and Logger Pro to analyze and save large data files from the experiments. Excel files can be used to analyze data on any computer that has Microsoft Office, so it is the standard program we will use. Bitmaps or screenshots from Logger Pro are useful, but they cannot be easily edited or rescaled so they risk loss of important data. Save any Excel and Logger Pro files created for your experiments and keep them until the end of the quarter. The lab computers support USB devices and wireless internet so a jump drive can be used to save files or files can be emailed to your Tech email account. Each student in a group must have experimental data written down and files electronically secured before leaving class. Relying on a lab partner to email you the data is not an excuse for late work This is each student’s responsibility. Students are encouraged to bring their laptop (if they have one) to lab and use it for preparing their reports and saving data. This helps secure your own data and allows you to check work before leaving lab.

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Students will have 7 days to complete their lab report. Whenever you complete your report you must remember one thing: a copy of the report in Microsoft Word format must be submitted as a Turnitin Assignment on Black Board for grading. Each person in a group must write their own report and turn in a separate and complete lab report to Black Board including all data tables, figures, and calculations. There are no exceptions to this rule! Failure to submit the electronic copy of your report to Black Board by the deadlines set in class will result in a zero or a greatly diminished grade for that lab. This is covered in more detail the late work policy statement on Blackboard. Files can only be accepted in Microsoft Office formats with extensions .doc, .docx, or other programs if and only if the file is saved in Portable Document Format with a .pdf extension. Other formats cannot be accepted. File names should be in the format LastName_FirstName_LabNumber with only text and number symbols in the name (illegal characters such as # cannot be used, i.e. “Lab#1.doc” is not going to work on Black Board). Lab data is the common property of the group, but lab reports are done by each individual. Each lab report must be in your own words and not copied from any another person or source (including your lab partner, this lab manual, or any sample lab reports). Any outside sources used such as textbooks or online sources must be cited on a reference page. Intentional violation of these rules is plagiarism. Unintentional plagiarism will result in a zero or greatly reduced grade for the first offense. Intentional plagiarism will result in a zero and a report to the school for administrative action. Plagiarism will not be tolerated in this course. The student is referred to the student handbook. Lab notebooks will be graded at the end of the quarter. Notebooks will be graded for completeness of the written notes including experimental data and sample calculations.