ESSAY

Lab #7 Electromyography (EMG) Experiment II

Data Set

Hypothesis:​ Daily Smokers have an abnormal EKG reading compared to Non non smokers.

A Normal ECG reading occurs when the heartbeat is between 60 and 100 beats per minute, averaging 82, in a regular sinus rhythm. The P wave has a normal duration less than or equal to 0.11. The PR interval is usually between 0.12 and 0.20 seconds. The QRS complex has a duration equal or less than 0.12 seconds and has an upper limit amplitude of 2.50-3.0 mV.The ST segment is not normally depressed more than 0.5mm. The T wave occurs in the same direction as the QRS complex and has an amplitude between 0.1 and 0.2. The QT interval is less than or equal to 0.40 seconds in men and 0.44 for women.

An abnormal ECG reading is a reading outside of these values.

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Article1 :

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Rapid Smoking: A Cautionary Note by John J. Horan, Gail Hackett, W. Charming Nicholas,

Steven E. Linberg, Christopher I. Stone, and Henry C. Lukaski at Pennsylvania State University

Summary: Rapid smoking is a form of aversion therapy among addicts where four or five

cigarettes, on average, are smoked in a row, until it is unpleasant to do so. Each trial lasts

about five minutes. Reachers studied the effects of rapid smoking on three males and three

females who were an average age of 30.8. ECG readings were done before smoking occured

and there were no abnormalities. While the rapid smoking cycle occurred, the patient's ECG

readings were constantly monitored. They found that the mean heart rate increased by 35 beats

per minute (bpm), from 77bpm to 112bpm. Blood pressure also overall increased. After

smoking, two of these six patients showed abnormalities on the ECG, one female had

depressed horizontal S-T segments during and after smoking occured. A male in the study also

developed a second-degree heart block multiple times during the eight sessions. In an earlier

study using rapid smoking, one of the researchers who is an ex-smoking female also

experienced an S-T segment depression, as well as T wave inversion during rapid smoking.

These types of ECG abnormalities are often caused by coronary disease during exercise stress

testing, so the effects of rapid smoking in relation to these abnormalities should be observed.

We cannot conclude based on this study that these ECG abnormalities were caused by rapid

smoking, but we can correlate rapid smoking as the cause of the abnormalities among these

patients as the before ECG reading did not show abnormalities.