GOL 110 EARTH SCIENCE
lacy93
Lab1METRICSTCC.pdf
qulry TIte Metric $ystem The rnetic system is a decir:ral system (based cn Irac- tions or niultiples of 10) tliat uses ordY one basic unit for each type of measurement: the meter {m) as the unit of length (Figure 23.1's, the liter (1) as the up..it of volume (1 liter is equal to the volume of 1 kilogram of pure rvater at 4'C [39.2'F], about 1.06 quarts.), and the gram (g) as the unit of mass (Figure 23.2)' In the Enqlish slzstem, the units use,l to express the sanr.e relations are feet, q'.rarts, and ounces.
Warking with the Metrlc System In tire metric svstem, the basic rurits of rveights a:rd n-ie,rs- Lres are relateci by mu.ltiples ol ten. It is similar to the U.S. monetary svstem, tthere 10 pennies = 1 dime anr.-l
Table 23"1 Base Units of the Sl1
Norlh Fole
Figu re 23.1 The Si unit of length is the metei (m), rvhicn is si:ghtJy longer than a yard. Origirai ly descr-ibed as cne ter-miiircnth af tre Cisiance frcnr the equatcr to the i\jar-lh Pcle. it js curren|,; d+lrn96 25 t:? i,3:-ltce tr3ve:?C l; C.0C0CCOCC33 seicnC.
light i- a vaiiir..:n: r;-r
lvletcr KiLograii'r
Sect--,r-rd
Kel.,'in Arnpeie [1o]c Candela
Length Niass
Timt: flermodvn arrtic teniperafu re Elech'ic culrent Quantit,v- of a substance I.uininous fu'rteruitv
11-i
t-- KF,
S
K
rnol cd
1C ciimes = I doljar. In ihe EngJisl-r s,i:siem rf r,veights .:.rr.d fileasu-res, no such reg,-:1aiitr,'exists; for exarr,ple,"t? inch- cs = 1 ioot and 52Sii i'eet = 1 stalute tr-rile.
.llrus. the aclr.an_
i.:ge of Li^,e tr:e*lic s,lster,r is 1,,;i.i.ssfeirrcl. lable 23.2 1i=ts the p_rei-ires th;t ire L1sr.d in ihe rrrei_
ric svstr.m to ir,dicate horv mariv tjmes more (jn ii_,Lriti_ ples of 10) or r,l-iat fraction (in rrar-tions of 10) of thr-: basic r-mit is present. Therefore, from the injormatrr:n in the tabie, riorl see that 1 kilcgram (kgi = it00 srarr,,-q. rshiie 1 mi!!igram (mg) = 1i 1040 g.u*i
To fami.liarize lrourseii ryitlirnelric urits, clrter_:line the fcilouring rieosui€rrr€l-tts. using the eqr_lip_ men t p r1-ii.' i 1i e cl ii-r t]:e la b t_.,r tt f u r\,.
GRAM (gi
MIIEH (m)
hjicKel i5c;
2m
t,̂g
Leiron
I
il r r r';: h. ,.-5ul iitt\-ii'!!t
'ilr.t r -i-, -, | -
Liter oi ,r,,aier 10C0 g
I
I {*
-l1ll
:
c
100 rrr \*.-/
r
a ,t
l\
Tie ba:ia i.jrlit oi i'I'3ss in tne n]3tric s:rsiet rs:n: grail igi, apprcxri:a',e1y ec,-ral io the .Iia5: of 1 culic ceniln:eter':i puie !vat.r:t 4'C (39.2'Fj. A grarrr is about the weight oi 2 paper' cjjps, ard ar 0urce is abDiti the weig,ri oi,1C paper clips.
,\' Icrr,s rr rl irg i i'rr{ t/l;
1. Use a metdc measuring tape (or meterstick) to measllre y'cur hc.ig1-rt as accuj'atelY as po-ssibit'to the
nearest hr-urCrt.lth of a neter (calierl a centimeter).
centimeters (cm)
2. Use a metric r*1er to measure the length of this page as accurately as possible to the nearest tenth of a centimeter (called a miliimeter).
millimeter (mm)
3. Accurateiy measure tire length of vour siroe to ti-re n earest rrrillim.eter.
millimeters (nr-m)
NIe ;r st tt' iti g N r:lu *t t :
{. Use a graduated cvlinCel to n',easure the vclurne of the paper cr-rp to the nearest rr,illiiiter.
milliliiers (rnl;
izlecs r;,'iii ? ir;;is,s ;
5. tr\ieigh t1"le follorving an,--l record '-our results.(Follot' the diiections oi volu instructor itrr r"ising a mefric b.riance.)
(r\jLrlt: Trvr) terms tl-Lat are oitt'u confusetl irt rif ij'; and it'ciglri. \I.rss is a measure of the amount oi n"Lat['r
an object conf;rins. lVeight is a ineasltte of tiie for:ce oi graviir'' or' ar' oL'ject' For examPle' the mass of ar-r object
io'c,-,td Lre tl-re saitle on both Earth ancl the lvloon' i-lor'''-
er-er, beca,-rse the grar-itational forcr' oi tlie lvloolr is less
than th.rt of Earth, the obiect u'or-rld weigh less on the
iv{oon. Or Earth, rnass ar,d iveight are directlv related, ancl often'ire same units are useil to express the hvo')
6. Use the melric "bathroor-ir" scale' IVeigh )/otlrsc-lf as accuratelv as poss:.ble, to tl're nearest tenth of a
kilogrirm. (Note: If a nletric scale is not available, convert your lveight in pounds to kilogran-rs bv multiph,ilg vour *'eight in pounds by 0.a5.)
Metric Conversions ,\s stated earlier, one itt-tportant acivantage of ti.'e met- ijc svsiem is tir.rt it is based orr multiples ilf ten' :\s shi;rvn on the metric conl'ersic'n diagram in Figure 23.3, conversion from one unit to an^other can be ac- corrrpiishecl simplrl bv mcuing the decittutl ptoittt to the left if gcir-rg tc larger un-its or bv movilrg the decin''al poini to the right if going ic smailer units, ,
For erample, if vou measr-rre the length of a pie'ce of strins and find that it is 1.'1-l decimeters long, in orcler to convert its lengti-i to ;ri11iri',eters, stalt rvitir
kiicgr,rrns (kg)
1.-13 on the "r"leci-" s of the
ciecirrrI nvo Pla.es (stePs) trr tirc right (the "nriU-" stcP)
Tire Ien';tir, in lnillirne tet's' is 1{3.0 rnillimetcrs
Sample of rock: gr.rms (g)
grams (g)
grams (g)
Paper clip:
Nickel coin:
- Metric Frefixes and Symbols
sY*rBSLz
meBa-
kilo-
hecto-
cleka-
Dr\lr-t Lr-\11
deci-
ctnfi-
n,i11i-
miclo-
itan()-
(l
lvI
k
h i-U{l
rn (meter)-b.lse unit of lengt}r
I (1iter)-base r:nit of volume
g (grirm)-hase urlit of mass ,1
c
n-t
p
n
1 biliion times base unit (1,000,000,000 x ba-.e)
1 millior, times base unit (1,000,000 x base)
1 thousand times Lrase unit (1000 x base)
t hundred times i-rase unit (100 x base) 10 tjares base r-rnit (10 r base)
one-tenth the basc unil (.1 x base)
one-hurrclredth the base r.init (.0i x b.rse)
one-thousandth the base iinil (.001 x basr,)
one-milljonth the b;rse unit (.01)0001 x base)
one-billiitr.rth the b.rse Lrnit (.000000001 ;<. bast:)
PSETXI M€Al{i?,IG
7. L.:e tirt' nri:tric con','e rsion tiiagrarr Lr Figrrre 31.3 r.r CtiIt\ r'rt tltc fplltir., irri:
a. 2.L15 nreters (n-i) -- --_-=- ceniinlr-ter5 (cll) b. 1.50 meters (mJ = _ mjllim.eters imn:) c. 9.31 liters (i) = -.- deciliters (c1l) J. i.J *r.rlrrs (g) = milllgr,rrns (mg)
e. 6.8 meters (m) = krlometer (km)
{. 4,211.6 centimeter (crn) = _*---meters (m) l. lll 50 sram (e) - tilour.im (k:r \t. 70.73l-,ectoiiter (h1) = __ dekaliters (dal)
3. Use a netric fape measure {or meferstick) to de- terr::iii-ie the length of vorir laboratory table as ac- curatelv as possible, to tlie neaiest hundiedth of a meter. Then conr-ert the iength to each oi tl-re Lr:rits in qucstion Sb.
a. Lerrqih of table: ri-:efers b. Length of table equals:
millimeters {mmi
centimeters (ci:r)
kiloileters (km)
Metric*Engl ish Conversiol'ls
Because the change to the netiic s'r'stem ''vili occur gradrially over the next fer.v decades, -we ',vill bt-' ioicetl Lo use both the n'retric .rr^id Engii.ch sv-qlerns sjlnriitare- ousiv. If 'v!e ctre not a'ble to ccnvert frorn ci-,e sYstein to the oil'rer, ',r,e rvil1 occasior'aiiv be inc':nl'enienced trr nrildiy'fruistraied.
Use the coi'n ersion tables on the iirside back cover of this n.r-anual to figure oui tl'.e melric eqr-rivaient f';r each of the fo1lo-*ing units.
Li'ri.1l/t aL,i;'.'/'Si(,-i I j
f. iir.rr,i-i -centin",eters l,J. I rt. i.'r =
--*- i.''. t
krloirei,.'rs
iileis
\t'01 t t t tt c !) !1i:t: i'i ! iJ J
i2. 1 gallon : 13. 1 cubic rr..cir : cubic cer.tin"reter,c
11 lrls-s .lC tl i1'r5iOl1 :
1i. l currce:
-graln
i-. I p,'i11-.1 (ih)Sr.lix
Temperature
Temper.i tru'e represents one re I a tivciv coi.^rmon exalr- Fle of usinc difierer:it s\,sten'is c-i me.rsurt,r:lent. ori the F.l]"rrenheit temperat.-rl'e scale, 31"F is the n-relting poi;-,1 of ice, ani--i ?i?'F maiks tfie bgiiing pgir-lt oi rvater (ai st;rndard aimospirc.ric pressure). Ol-r tlre Celsius scaje- ice melts at 0"C and n ate r boils .rl i00'C. On ihe Kelvin scale, ice nrelts at 273 K.
Ccn!'trsiitn irt,m or,e tempelature scalc- to aitL,:Lher call be accomrlished using *ith*, or-, t.quatiorr or a grlphic comparison scale,. To convert CelsiLrs deg;:ees tl: Fahrenheit degrees- tire equation is .F : (1.8)'C -- 32.. fo t-onvert Fal-rrenheit degrees to Celsius Cegrees, ii-'e r-qualicrn is 'C : ( F - 3) '1 ,' 1.t. Tr- cori,eit Keliri:.r_* (K) to Ceisiris ,-le.grees, subtract 273 ar-rr-1 ari,-1 the rje_ gree s-vrnbo1.
m;l{i-
li'iati'ic cairva-srol Jiagi-arn. Segilirrg ai the ap,prarriate s:eo, rf g!,.91] ilr;?r r-t15 ncnS ih! ier:iri:ai tc tlre ieil i,-r eacn 1ta[ -i'J']ac '.tlel gr:ilq io srailer uji,is. mrve tie iea rral tc lre rigi:t ior eaci.. slep afDsse,.i. ior exarrple. 1.153 r:..t:rs (base lrrrt ;ieo) !vo,Jia re eouirargiii t.i 1253 C riilrrnet.irs irlrc rnai move,i threr: step-r ia lna frgfit. the ir,lii :t.pl
It. Ccn',.trt the ir',l1ott'ir',g tt:t'nper.rtt-irr':i to tl1cir ctll'rr\'- alcuts. Do the iirst ftltlr ct-'t-'rversions tising tirt- '.rp- pio;r1i.t1" e'qtlafiotr, alrtl cltl lirc others r-rsitrg llrt- tenpei.rlttre comparist-an scalt' o11 tht- insicie b'ack cover of thi.{ n'rat-r.uai.
a. CJtt .r coid Car', it r.r'.ts S-F : .._---_---- -C'
L". Ire rnelts itt i,loC : -=--'F. c. Rootn temperature is 72'F : --.-._''.--_--.- 'C
d. A hot silmrl'ler r-lav rvas 35'C : ---_--- "F
e. Nornr.rl t,odv temperarure is 93.6"F : oc,
y. { r.r'.rn:r <irorr rr is 17 C : -..- 'F g" Hot soup is 72'C -- OCL
h. !\iater boiis at 212"F : *--- K'
tr7. Use the ten'lper.:ture comparisoll scale on the insiile back coi'er to rnsrver the iollilir'ing:
a. The then-ut,'meter reilds 2t"C. 1'Vi11 Yoil need l oiri' !\ ilrte r co.rtl
b. The thermometer reads 10'C. ]/Vii1 the otttdo'or s\!i11-)ining pool be oPen todaY?
c. If l,our L-'r:d Y temperahlre is 10"C, do Yott have
a fer"er?
d" Tie temperaiure of a cup of cocoa is 9Li.C' lViil it brun \ our tonguel
e. Your b.rth u'ater is 15'C. \'Vill }'ou hat''e a scald-
ing, rvarm, ''rr ch.ili,v baih?
f. "ltho's been monkeving rrith the thermtisial? It's 37'C in this rooln." Are yr,'i-t si'iirering cr perspiring?
fu4etric Review
Use w'hat you h.ave leamed about tire metric svstetn to
detern-rine i.vhether the foiiorving statemerlts are rtnsofiabLe. tr\kite "-ves" or "no" in the bianks' Do not convert these umts to English equivalents; itrst estiirtatt
the r..aiue oF each.
13. A man rveighs 90 kiiograms.
19. A fire h-l'dlant is 1 meter ta11
20. A college siudent ,lrank 3 ki.lo[ters oi coffee ]asf -i.:hr."5"'
Very Snrall Distances Trvo u-rits commcnl-rr used to rneesure i.ery. sna11 ciis_ taxces are the rnicrometer (s-r.rr,bol pm ), also knot.n as the micron, ancl the nancmeter (svmbol nrni.
Bv definirion. I :nicromeicir eqlaJs 0_000001 n(one-n-riliicrnth of a areter). There are i million n.r-ig1s*- eters i:-r I n:reter ard i0,000 micrometers in 1 centirnr,_ ter. Also b-v defilition, 1 nanorneter equals 0.000Lr0L.ii01 m (one-bilfiitntli of a meteri.
ll. The rooili tclrperat'-1re is 2''tl K'
22. A t-lime is 1 millin-reter ti'rick.
23. 5r-rg.rr w'ill be sc':id bv ti-re milligrar:r
2.{. The temperat'rre rn Paris toclzrY is 80'C.
?5. The batl-rtub has 80 Liters of rvater in it'
ll;. \bu tr,ill r,ee.1 a coat if the outsidt' tempcrature is 30"c.
27. A pork roast rt'eighs 18 grails'
Special 1..!nits of Measurement Scientists often use special uniis to measure varicus phenomena" Most of them are detined using Si units'
Very Large Distances
Asironomers must measure verv large rlistance's, -'lrch as the distances bef"r'ee'n planets or the distances to the stars and bevond. To sin'rplify their measurements, thev har.e Ceyeloped special units, ilcluding astroncmical units (symboi AU) and light-years (svr,bol LY).
The asircr-.om.icai ru-rit is a unit for i:Leasuring dis- tance *,iihin the soiar system. One a-cironomical unit is equ.ri. to the ai'erage distance of Earth lrom tire Sun' I-his ar,elage distance is 150 million kilometers, r'virich is approriinatelv equal to 93 milLion mi1es.
31. The planet Saturn is7427 miliiorr kilcrneters iiom. the Sr-u-r. How' many AUs is Saturn flom the Sun?
AUs from the S,,in
The light-year is used for rneasuring iiistances ti-' the stars and beyond. One light-vear is delined as tire distance that light travels irr a vacuLtrn in one -vear. This distance is about 6 trillion miles {thrt is, 6,000,000,000.000 miles).
32. Approrirnaielv hoiv manv kjlometers it'ill light trar,el in one l,ear?
kilcmeters Fer veirr
33. T1..e reclrcst star to Earth, excl-rding otir Sr,tn, ir nclflred Prormra Cr.rrt.rrrri. It is ai,.out -1.27 light-l'ears
Density and SPecific GravitY -fw'o ir-nportant properties of a material are its density an.1 specific gravity. Densi['' is t]re nrass of a si-ib- stciilC€ per unit voiulrre, usuall,v expressed in gran-ls per cr-rbic centimeter (g/crn3) in tl',e metric sv'stem' The
speclfic grar,ltv of a soliei is tl-re ralio of the n-rass of a gi.,"r", "o1r*e
of a substance to the mass of an equal i'oiume of sorr-re other sulrstance taken as a standard {usua11v rvater at '1'C). Becar"rse specific gravih is a ratio, it is expressed as a pu're nurni,"er ancl has no urits. For example, a specific gravitv of 6 rr'.eans that the substance has six times nrore mass tiran an ellilal vohrme of lt ater. Because the density of pure lvater at -1'C is 1g/cm3, tiie specific grai'itv of a substance rt'ii-1 be nurnerically equal to its densitr,"
The approximale densi$ ao.l specific gravih crf a rock or .iotlle. solid can be deteri:r,ineC b1' using the following steps:
Step 1: Deiern-rine the mass crf the rock, tisii:g a n:'etric balance"
Step 2: FiJl a graduated cyiinder that has its divisions n-rarked in mllliliters approximatelv t1&'o- thirds full it'itl-r tt'aier. l'iote the lel'el of t]-re ',\.ater iil t1"re c.viinder, in miililiters'
Step 3: Tie a thread to the rock and iarmerse the rock in tirs lvater in the gracir-latecl cvlinder. Ncte the nerv ievel of the w'ater in the cr'linCer'
Step,{: Determine the djfterence betr'','een Lhe begiir- nilg leve1 and the after-iminersion level of the r.r'ater in the c,viinder.
Step 5r Calculate tire densitY and specific gravitr,' by using tl're iollo'*ing informaiicin and appropri ate equafiori-s-
Amiltititer aJ ucfer htts s ealu*e apTtra::inmtelu etirLrti tt 7 ctibic cerii'tneter (cur-r). T1-retefore, the difference be- tween tire begilnir-rg -water level alrd the after-in-Lmer-
sion w-ater level in the c.vlLnder equals the voli-rme ci lire rock in cr-rbic cenlimeters. Frirtherrncte, T cttbt crr;' titneter fi ntiliiliter)o.f iurtte'; llrs rl t.rtr;is of sLlf)rcxinlflt?h/ 1 Irn/r. T1'!eref,.rre, the difterence betrveen the beginning ir,aier level and the after-immersion water level ilr the cvlin,ler is the rnass of a voiurne of l'^,'rrter equal to the r,olrrme oi the rock.
Using the steps listed alror'-e for detenniling den- sit',, ancl specific gri:rr-itl', complete questions 3'l anei 35'
.14. Determii'ie tire densifi' and specific qravitv of a sr"nall rock sarirple bv complelting c1r-rtlstit-rns ,3-{a-3-1f .
a'wav'. !\ih.tt i-s the di-ctance of Prorinla Ceilt.illri lroni Eartl-, in hotir n{ies and kiior:r'.-ters?
miles
kilon'reters a. \[as. nf rr.ik sample: {rJnts ir. After-in'rmersion 1g.,.sl oi ll,ater: __*--- rl.l
Betinninu ler el of rr'atcr in cr,lrrtder: :nl Difference:
-
nd
c, \blurnt'o[ rock sarnple:
-.i:]'
d. \'Iass of a volume of r.vater equal to the volus'.e of th(, rock: * _ q
e. Density of rock:
_ lv{ass of rock [g) [ )pnci h..*"''"")
Volunre of rock 1unt7
q cnt'
f. Speciiic gravitv of rock:
Specilic grar.itv
It'{ass of rock {g) \{ass of an equal volurne of lr.at.;r (g)
35. As a means L:f comparisoo, r;gqr instrlrctor rr,a."' .r=k that -\,'ou detefllline the densitv anrl//or spe- citic grar.itr, ot other objects. If sr:, recorC your re- sults h tire follon'ing spaces.
a. Object:
Densitv: glcn',3
Specific gravitv:
1:. Object:
Densitv: g/cm3
Specific grar.'ih:
tulethods af Seientlflc lnquiry Scier-ltists use nianv methods in attempting to under- stand natr-rral phenomena. Scrne scientific discot.eries represent purelv theoretical ideas, and others occur 1-.v chance. Ho*,ever, scientific knorvledge is often gained 'rv folloivirrg this sequencc oI sIL'FS:
Step 1: Establisir a hypathesis-a tentatir.e, or unte-ct- ed, explan.rtion.
Step 2: Cather data and ccrncluct expt-riments to test the hvpotl..esis.
Step 3: Accept, rnodif-r/, or rtject the hypothesis, r:n tl-re basis of extensive data gathering or exper- iment.rtion.
Tire foilolving sim-ole inq,-rin,should help lor-r u:-r- ,lerstirnr'l the cr0ct ss.
Step 1-Establishing a HyPothesis Ol,sen'e all th,e people il Lhe laborali:ry and p-'a1'p.rrticrr- lar.rftenliorr to each inCividual's height arrd shoe length.
3,-.. BaseC L-|n vour ot--sc.rvalir:ns, r.r,'rile a fivpothesis that re1al,.'s a persor-t's heigirt to lts cr her shoe iengtl-r.
Hvpothesis
Step 2-Gathering Data Pievioush,, in questions 1 ar-rc1 3 of the exercise, each per- son in t]',.e laborator,v measured his or l-ier height and slroe len$h.
37" Cather _vc-rLrr d.rta bl, askins 10 or rnore people in the lab fi-.r their height and si'.oe iength rneasuie- rnents. Enter vour data in Ta'nL* 23.3, recorciing height to the nearest hr-indretllh of ;r meter and shoe lengtlr to tl-ie nearest mil.lirneter
Step 3*Evaluating the Hypethesis Based Upoi'r the Data Plot al1 \'our data from T:rble 23.3 iin the height versus shoe ler..gth graph in Figure 23.4, by locating ;:r Person's heigl-rt on the vertical axis and his or her shoe- length on the horizontai aris. Then Place a dot tx tl-re graph r.r-here the trto intersect.
3S. Descriire the pattern of the data points (iir;ts) c',n the heigirt verslrs shoe length graph in Fig:"ire 2i."1.
For er.rmple, are thr- points sc'ritered all over the graph, or drt theY appear itt ft llclt a lure or curl'el
39. Drarr, a -.inglc- lirre on the graph that aprpears to average, or best fit, tire Pattern of the ciata points.
40. Describe tl-re relaiionsirip of height to shoe length ihat is lllustratec-l bv the lile on your graPh.
-11. Ask ser,eral peopie, who*se height and shoe length ttre ttot part of your data set, for their height. Then see horv accuratehr yout' line pre- ciicts ra.,h.ri their shce lengtir sirould be. Do this b1.' mrlrkii-Lg each persorr's height on the vertical axis and then follolv a iine straigirt across to the right rrniil vou irtersect the line on the graph. Reacl the precircted shoe lengtir froil the axis directiv belt:rv the point of intersection.
-1f. Suur-Lmarize hoiv accuratelv vour Sraprh predicts a person's shoe length, given ordv hjs or her L -;-L!r lulF!r tt
-13. Using 1'or"ir grarh's abilitv to n-rake preciictiar-rs irs a gr,ride, clo vr-ru thi:rk r''e11 siru.r,rld accept, reject,
Data Table for Recording Height and Shoe Length Measurements of People in the Lab
PERSON Hr5GfiT {frisAt[S? r{Ut{*fr sDTr{ SF A METTR}
si{sa LEf.rGTl+ {trEAREST #TLLIMEIER}
1
2
J
4
I
5
7
.q
9
10
11
12
ll l-l
l1
IN
n1
_ !l1m
_mm ._ n-ir]'\ _ mol _mm
__mrt _mm _ ntm __ mrTl
--- fi]'nl
__ mrr __-_ il'lnt
_._mm .__-_ tni-n
_m n1
lt1
rn
m
m
lTI
m
NI
n1.
iti
HiIGHT vs. SHOE LENGTH
a 0)
0)
E .: 5)
T
1.50
ann
Shoe length in ,ttiilirneters
Figure 23.4 l-leight versLrs shoe length qranh
or modii:l. r..oitr original l:vrrr:ti-re-sjs? Gii.-e tlre [e,1SnF.is] ftrr !orri- c]rtri.e.
Your shrdv h.:s been restricted to people in vour laboratorli
"t4. \\h_v rvould vour abiliiy tr: make frredictions ]rar,e been more accurate if 1rs11 had useci the heights and shoe lengths of 10,CCtl people to con- struct.l'our graph?
Draivin{ h;rst\z corrclusior--s 1,ith lirnited data can oftt-r, carise problerns. In scieltce, vou can ne,r.L,r ha\.,e
too nruch dala. E.xperinrents are repeated rniin.", times b;r, man-' difierent pecple bef.;,re results ale accepierl b,v the scien tific con-iii.r lini tr,..
i I i r' : I :, ..,__._ _ -,, ::':r.1 ._,.,', =i1..?:.v'i-, i i,-t ii L-: i-: li,_iIr:,rr ;;r: :! i,, ;:-i Ll :-lii.-li ! \y, ii 1-; \;Lji i,:i--ii i:*]
:ir itii i kilometer (kmi = 1 meter (m) = 1 centirneter (cm) = I mile (mi) = 1 foot (ft) = 1 inch (in ) = i sq'rare mile {mi2) = 1 kilogram (kg) = 1 pound {lb) = I fathcrn =
vlyliel ,y*,.-r w=i:t t,: -n^',-v*.i! Lrit , !:l r.
a,'!. lr:--!..l'.,/:r r, J ! !r i. T-iU l: ,-iliiiil1000 meters (m)
100 centimeters (cnr)
0 33 inch {in.) 5280 feet (ft)
12 inches {in.) 2.54 ceniimeters {cnri 640 acres (a)
1000 grams (gi 'i6 ounces {oz} 0 feet ift)
cubic inches
cubic centimetei"s ^,,hi^ i^^+uu!tu tu!t
cubic ineters
cubic i^niles
cubrc kilon:etei's l',+^-^ llr.ul 5
liters
gallons
cubic centirneters
cubic inches
cubic metei's nrrhir fcotUUUIU IVUL cubic kiiometers
euL,ic niiles
quarts
gallons ii+^,.ltitrrJ
grams ntrnaoc
kilograms pounis
1A eOIU.JU
c06 n n10
?f1 A 11
U,L+
1C6
4zfr 11a
i '.-\ -. ' , .-, r.a i
^ -,1tJl)'i"l +i LllU: t.]
tnli:*r: Y'lij weilt ic c*nvei1.
.,1+i.-:,,rjilllillli. ,'i !l ? i
tl
P,t a'*s*s a i:*'rii*! ;h rs ouncss ,n $ nrAms 0 035J, ". ,'" pouncis C.45 kiloorams 2 205
I ;ei*,.- fh
;^^L ^^ltiLtitr)
centimeters faat
ilrtrLUt)
.vards r:lcto r c
-;!^^
kilomete rs
.&r*a
sqtiare inches
squarCI centimeters
sqllai"e feet
square meters
square miles
square kilornetei's
2.54
0.39
0.30
3.28
0.91
1.09
1.61
0.62
centrmstBrs
inches
meteis {^ ^+IUU T
meters
yards
kilometers
mrles
square centtrneters
squaie inches
square meters
square feet
square kriorneters
square miles
E*rYli3*r#Eu:"*
Vihen you vvant to ccnveft degrees Fahrenheit
i'F) to degrees Celsius ('C), subtract 32 degrees
and divide by 1.8.
When you want to convert degrees Ceisius ('Ci
to degrees Fahrenheit ('F), multiply by 1.8 and add 32 degrees.
When you vrant to convert degrees Celsius ('C)
to kelvins (Ki, deiete the degree syrnbol and add
273. When y0u urant to convert keivins (K) to
degrees Ceisius ('C), add the degree syrnbol and
subtract 273.
6.45
015 0.09
10.76
2.59
0.39
: jj],irri:rr;, r :-_:13;,_S fii-iJ l,e l\i,ji ui-;ji-i _ti'ilLr;i,:,-:rLi,r iJ:l:i'uii,. L/../:J uJ Lrtt_ i1\r,'/
4U
30
an
YU
8C
CU
