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UNT PHYS 2240 Lab SPRING 2021 - Alymjan Rejepov/Experiment 1: Test Equipment/Experiment

Assignment # 1B Name Lab 1 Experiment I worked in a group with

Evan Hathaway - Jun 30, 2020, 11:32 AM CDT

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Equipment

Content LA Thirteen - Jun 08, 2020, 1:31 AM CDT

1 Digital Storage Oscilloscope SDS 1052

2 Oscilloscope Probes

1 Arbitrary Waveform Generator SDG 810

1 Digital Multimeter EX 330

2 BNC Male-Dual Banana adapter

3 Resistors 330, 560 & 1000 Ω

2 Batteries AA & AAA

2 BNC to BNC cable

1 BNC T connector M to 2 F

Content LA Thirteen - Jun 08, 2020, 1:32 AM CDT

Procedure A: Digital Multimeter Basics

Content LA Thirteen - Jun 08, 2020, 1:32 AM CDT

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1. Using the DMM, measure the DC voltage of the AA and then the AAA battery by touching the black lead to the negative terminal and the red lead to the positive terminal.

Select the proper setting on the DMM to observe the desired quantity!

2. Using the DMM, measure the AC voltage of the AA and AAA batteries.

3. Answer Analysis Question 1.

4. Measure the resistance of the provided set of resistors, and calculate the percent error compared to the expected value by the color code. Do the measured values lie within the expected tolerance range? Recall how to calculate percent error:

R1 (Ω) R2 (Ω) R3 (Ω)

By color code

Measured resistance

Percent error

Table 1: Resistance measurement comparison to color code

5. Complete Table 1 and answer Analysis Question 2.

Content LA Thirteen - Jun 08, 2020, 12:57 PM CDT

Procedure B: Oscilloscope and function generator basics

Content LA Thirteen - Jun 08, 2020, 1:38 AM CDT

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1. Power on both the function generator and oscilloscope.

2. Using function generator, set up a sine wave with Vpp = 5 V having a frequency of 500 Hz.

3. Click “Output” on the function generator to generate the signal.

4. Use the digital multimeter (making sure AC voltage setting is selected) to measure the root-mean-square voltage provided by the signal generator. You may need to use a BNC to Dual Banana Plug Test Lead for the output channel of signal generator.

Vrms,DMM = V

5. Now by using a BNC to BNC cable, connect the oscilloscope input channel 1 to the output of function generator. Remember, here for the sake of simplicity we are connecting the oscilloscope directly to the function generator and not using the probes.

6. On the oscilloscope, adjust the voltage/div (y-axis) and time/div (x-axis) scaling until you can clearly see about four or five periods of the complete signal. You can either use the “Autoset” key on the oscilloscope or do it manually using the position and scale knobs.

If the signal is rapidly changing, you may need to adjust the “trigger level.” By turning the trigger knob, place the trigger line in the center of the signal (zero volts). Ask TA for assistance if this does not work.

7. By observing the graticule on the display, estimate the following:

VMAX = V Period (T) = s

8. Now, using the “MEASURE” tool, determine the following:

VMAX = V Period (T) = s

VPP = V Vrms = V

These measurements should agree with, but be more precise than, your estimations from step 6.

9. Compute the percent difference between the DMM measurement and the oscilloscope measurement:

10. Now calculate Vrms and T (use equations 1 and 2).

T = seconds

Vrms = Volts

11. Apply a -1.5 Volt (yes, negative) DC offset to the signal.

To apply an offset, on the function generator select “offset” using the menu operation key and set the value using either the knob or the keypad. You should be able to see the signal change in real-time on the oscilloscope. Make sure DC coupling is toggled on the oscilloscope, or you will not see the effect of any DC offset.

12. Measure Vmax, Vpp, and Vrms using the oscilloscope MEASURE function. Record your data in Table 2 below.

13. Calculate the rms voltage first using Vmax, then using Vpp. Record your data in Table 2 and answer Analysis question 3 and 4.

Table 2: Different analysis of Vrms

Vrms

Content LA Thirteen - Jun 08, 2020, 1:33 PM CDT

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Vmax = V Measured

VPP = V Calculated Using Vmax

Calculated Using Vpp

14. Remove the DC offset (set offset to 0 V). Press the MATH button on the oscilloscope.

The MATH button is used to perform simple operations on two separate inputs.

15. Choose the multiplication operation. Since this time two inputs are required, you need to use the BNC T connector 1 Male to 2 Female Adapter. Carefully disconnect the BNC cable from signal generator output and connect the T connecter. Now you have two output channel on the signal generator output. Use two BNC to BNC cables to connect the oscilloscope channel 1 and 2 input to the two sides of the T connector.

16. To better see the result of the operation, press the bottom option softkey to navigate. You will see a green LED turns on above the “universal knob” notifying you that it has a new functionality. Using both settings, adjust the signal with the universal knob until it is suitably observable.

17. Use the MEASURE function to measure frequency of the new signal.

f = _______________

18. Answer Analysis question 5. Turn off the MATH function

Square Waves

Now change the input to a square wave. Keep the same amplitude, frequency, and offset as before, and disconnect the second probe. The purpose here will be to observe the characteristics of a square wave. Is the slope infinite? In other words, does the signal rise and fall instantaneously? These are the questions to be answered – in Analysis question 6.

19. Position a vertical line of the square wave on the center of the oscilloscope display, then adjust the time setting to clearly see the slope.

20. Using the divisions on the display, estimate the time in seconds it takes for the square wave to rise to its first maximum. You should expect to see something like that in Figure 6 below.

Estimated time : Seconds

Figure 6. Rising edge of a square wave signal.

21. Use the CURSORS to measure the time (set Source back to CH1). To do this press the CURSORS button. Using the softkeys, you can select on which axis (Time or Amplitude) you want to do your measurement. To measure the time, change the following setting:

Type = “Time”

Source = “MATH”

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22. Press option softkeys corresponding to “Cur A” and “Cur B” to move each cursor on the display, using the universal knob. This is the same knob which, under normal circumstances, controls the brightness of the display. As it is shown in Figure 6, on the right side of the oscilloscope’s monitor, the position of the two cursors and the time difference between them are shown.

Measured time: ___________seconds

23. Compare the two times you obtained. Answer question 6.

Decreasing amplitude, increasing frequency

24. Adjust the function generator to provide a SINE wave with a frequency of 5 MHz and amplitude of 300 mV, or 0.3 V.

25. Manipulate the oscilloscope settings to best view around five periods of this signal. Find the period in the following various methods (to calculate, use inverse frequency formula):

Measure function T = s

Cursors T = s

Calculated value T = s

26. Decrease the amplitude of the signal to 20 mV or 0.02 V. This low of an amplitude approaches noise levels. Attempt to measure the period again. Answer Analysis question 8.

Analysis A:

Content LA Thirteen - Jun 08, 2020, 1:34 PM CDT

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1. The voltage difference between the AA and AAA batteries should be quite small. What then might be the difference between them?

2. If we have a resistor labeled brown-black-green-gold, what is the average expected value? Why is it necessary to measure the resistor?

Richard Romero - Jun 15, 2020, 11:24 AM CDT

Analysis B:

Content LA Thirteen - Jun 08, 2020, 1:36 PM CDT

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3. What is the average voltage in step 8 of part B? And, when a DC offset is applied, what is the average voltage then?

4. What two values were obtained when calculating the root-mean-square voltage in step 13? How do they compare to the measured value? Which one is correct, and why?

5. What is the frequency of the original signal and the new signal after multiplication? Show or explain why you should expect this.

6. Did the square wave instantly rise and fall? If not, how long in seconds did it take to rise?

7. You probably had difficulty in measuring the period, yet its calculation should prove effortless at this point. Why do you suspect there is difficulty in the measurement? Hint: turn off the function generator output and now look at the oscilloscope.

Evan Hathaway - Jun 30, 2020, 11:15 AM CDT