fluid lab

1. Graduate*Teaching*Associate,*Ph.D.*Candidate*(Water*Resources*Systems*Engineering)* 2. Professor*of*Environmental*Engineering* 3. Professor*of*Water*Resources*Engineering* 4. Assistant*Professor*of*Water*Resources*Engineering* *Revised:*November*2014*

!

SCHOOL!OF!SUSTAINABLE!ENGINEERING!AND!BUILT! ENVIRONMENT!

CIVIL,!ENVIRONMENTAL,!AND!SUSTAINABLE!ENGINEERING!

*

FLUID%MECHANICS!AND$HYDRAULICS* ENGINEERING!

LABORATORY'MANUAL! *

*

*

*

*

By#Daniel#Che1#

Supervised*by*Peter*Fox2,*Larry*Mays3,*and*Zhihua*Wang4*

*

!"#$%&'(&)'*+%*+,! !

"#$%&'$!! (!

)&*!#$"+#,!#$-./#$0$1,2! ((!

)&*!#$"+#,!3#&4/13!! (((! ! ! !

$5"$#/0$1,!6!7!%)./4!"#+"$#,/$2! "!

$5"$#/0$1,!8!7!9:4#+2,&,/'!%+#'$! #!

$5"$#/0$1,!;!7!*.+:&1':! $!

$5"$#/0$1,!<!7!2,&*/)/,:! ""!

$5"$#/0$1,!=!7!*$#1+.))/!$-.&,/+1!>&/#!%)+?@! "#!

$5"$#/0$1,!A!7!*$#1+.))/!$-.&,/+1!>?&,$#!%)+?@! %&!

$5"$#/0$1,!B!7!'&C/,&,/+1! %'!

$5"$#/0$1,!D!7!4$,$#0/1&,/+1!+%!"/"$!%#/',/+1!%&',+#! %(!

$5"$#/0$1,!E!7!29&#"F'#$2,$4!?$/#2! )'!

$5"$#/0$1,!6G!7!*+&#4F'#$2,$4!?$/#2! #%!

$5"$#/0$1,!66!7!9:4#&.)/'!H.0"! #*!

$5"$#/0$1,!68!7!$1$#3:!4/22/"&,+#2! *)!

$5"$#/0$1,!6;!7!2/"9+1!2"/))?&:2! *'!

$5"$#/0$1,!6<!7!'$1,#/%.3&)!".0"2! *(!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

"!

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

B+#')(+!$*!&0+!%'&).+!$*!&0+!#$).(+!'%2!&0+!1'<!*'#"1"&"+(C!(&)2+%&(!A"11!<+!.+?)".+2!&$!-+.*$./! ($/+!1'<(!$%!/'&+."'1!%$&!9+&!#$8+.+2!"%!#1'((:!;0"(!A"11!.+?)".+!'%!+**$.&!$%!(&)2+%&(D!-'.&(!&$! .+'2!&0+!.+1+8'%&!(+#&"$%(!$*!&0+!&+,&<$$EC!'(!A+11!'(!&0+!1'<!/'%)'1!5#861#$#$/"%3!&$!1'<:!;0+! +,-+."/+%&(!A"11!/'E+!/)#0!/$.+!(+%(+!(&)2+%&(!'.+!-.+-'.+2C!'%2!&0+9!A"11!&'E+!/)#0!1+((! &"/+!&$!#$/-1+&+:! ! F$.!&0+!#"8"1!+%3"%++."%3!(&)2+%&(C!&0+!1'<$.'&$.9!#$).(+!-.+(+%&(!'%!+,-+."+%#+!"%!#.+'&"8+! &0"%E"%3:!!!

!

!

""!

!"#$!"#$%&'! #$%!&'()&*+!,-+*!%'!+-%,"**'.!)/!*0'!12$34%)$&.!5"$!*0'!6$7'!6-%,"**$2!+8+*',!)/!*0'!$++"9/'.! .-'!.$*':!;)!2$*'!<)&4!<"22!%'!$33'(*'.:!=22!2$%!&'()&*+!<"22!%'!30'34'.!$9$"/+*!*0'!>/*'&/'*!$+! <'22!$+!$9$"/+*!2$%!&'()&*+!7&),!('&5")-+!+','+*'&+!$/.!7'22)<!32$++,$*'+?!&'()&*+:!@0'!+8+*',! ,$4'+!"*!'A*&','28!'$+8!*)!7"/.!(2$9"$&"+,:!@0'&'!<"22!%'!$!B'&)!*)2'&$/3'!()2"38!<"*0!$22! (2$9"$&"+,!$/.!"*!<"22!%'!&'()&*'.!$+!.'7"/'.!"/!*0'!.'($&*,'/*$2!()2"3"'+:!

! @0'!2$%!&'()&*!<"22!3)/+"+*!)7!+'5'&$2!+'3*")/+:!C'D-"&','/*+!)7!'$30!+'3*")/!$&'!'A(2$"/'.!$+! 7)22)<+E! !

• !"#$%&'()%E!F)-&+'!/-,%'&!$/.!*"*2'G!/$,'!)7!*0'!'A('&",'/*G!,',%'&+!)7!*0'!*'$,G! .$*'!)7!'A('&",'/*!('&7)&,'.G!.-'!.$*'!)7!*0'!2$%!&'()&*G!$-*0)&?+!/$,'G!.'($&*,'/*! $/.!+30))2G!/$,'!)7!*0'!-/"5'&+"*8:!

• *+,#-(.#E!68/)(+"+!)7!*0'!&'()&*G!',(0$+"B"/9!",()&*$/*!7"/."/9+G!3)/32-+")/!$/.! &'3),,'/.$*")/+:!HI'&8!+","2$&!*)!$/!'A'3-*"5'!+-,,$&8J!

• !(+$%&/0&1/2#%2#&3/4#"/2($5E!2"+*!,$K)&!&'()&*!0'$."/9+!$/.!($9'!/-,%'&+:! • 62#-/78.#"/2E!!LJ!M-+*"7"3$*")/!N!%&"'728!."+3-++!*0'!&'$+)/!<08!$/!'/9"/''&!<)-2.!3$&'!

$%)-*!*0'!'A('&",'/*G!$/.!0)<!*0'!'A('&",'/*!3$/!%'!$((2"'.!"/!$!&'$2!<)&2.! $((2"3$*")/O!PJ!Q%K'3*"5'!N!32'$&G!%&"'7!+*$*','/*!)7!*0'!"/5'+*"9$*")/?+!(-&()+'!)&!9)$2:!

• *2($9,",E!LJ!RA(2$"/!I$&"$%2'+!N!32'$&28!'A(2$"/!'$30!)7!*0'!5$&"$%2'+!)&!+8,%)2+!-+'.!"/! *0'!2$%!&'()&*O!PJ!S/)</!RD-$*")/+!N!2"+*!$/.!%&"'728!'A(2$"/!",()&*$/*!'D-$*")/+!-+'.!"/! *0'!2$%!&'()&*O!TJ!U'&"5$*")/+!N!.'&"5'!",()&*$/*!'D-$*")/+!-+'.!"/!*0'!2$%!&'()&*G!+0)<! =##!+*'(+O!VJ!W&'."3*")/!N!%&"'728!."+3-++!<0$*!"+!'A('3*'.!7&),!*0'!'A('&",'/*:!

• :;4%-"<%2#($&'-/.%78-%E!Q&.'&28!3)/3"+'!2"+*!)7!+*'(+!*0'!*'$,!('&7)&,'.:!UQ!;Q@! +",(28!3)(8!*0'!,$/-$2X!

• =%,8$#,E!C'5"'<!*0'!&'+-2*+!)%*$"/'.:!60)<!&'2'5$/*!$/.!",()&*$/*!*$%2'+!$/.!7"9-&'+:! #$%'2!'$30!*$%2'!$/.!7"9-&'G!$/.!9"5'!$!+0)&*!+*$*','/*!$%)-*!'$30!*$%2'!$/.!7"9-&':&

• >",.8,,"/2E!LJ!U$*$!5'&+-+!@0')&8!N!$33-&$38!)7!*0'!&'+-2*+O!'A(2$"/!*0'!+"9/"7"3$/3'!)7! *0'!*'+*!&'+-2*+O!3),($&'!*0'!'A('&",'/*$2!&'+-2*+!<"*0!'A('3*'.!H*0')&'*"3$2J!&'+-2*+O! (&)5".'!+*$*"+*"3$2!$/$28+"+O!$/$28B'!(&)%$%2'!+)-&3'+!)7!'&&)&O!PJ!>/*'&(&'*$*")/!N!U"+3-++! <0$*!8)-!*0"/4!$%)-*!*0'!'A('&",'/*Y!U)'+!*0'!'A('&",'/*!,$4'!+'/+'!*)!8)-Y!#"+*!$/8! +-99'+*")/+!)&!&'3),,'/.$*")/+!)7!",(&)5','/*!)7!*0'!'A('&",'/*:&

• 1/2.$8,"/2E!F)/32-+")/!+0)-2.!%'!$!3)/3"+'!+-,,$&8!)7!U"+3-++")/:!#"+*!*0'!(&"/3"($2! &'+-2*+!)7!*0'!'A('&",'/*:!Z$+!*0'!"/"*"$2!)%K'3*"5'!,'*Y!Z08!)&!<08!/)*Y!H@0"+!($&*! +0)-2.!%'!5'&8!+","2$&!*)!$%+*&$3*J&

• =%0%-%2.%,E!#"+*!$22!&'7'&'/3'+O!$-*0)&G!*"*2'!H-/.'&2"/'.JG!'."*")/G!(-%2"+0'&!$/.!2)3$*")/G! 8'$&G!($9'!/-,%'&G!<'%+"*'!$..&'++G!'*3:&

• *44%27";&3/4#"/2($5E!>/32-.'!'A*&$!"/7)&,$*")/!0'&'!+-30!$+E![=@#=1!3).'+G!'A*&$! *$%2'+G!'A*&$!.'&"5$*")/+G!'*3:&

!

!

"""!

! !"#$%&'()*++,! #$%&!'$(!)*+,)-!."''!(*!/)$0*0!"1!-&*!2,'',."1/!3$11*)45!

!"#$%&'( !)*+,( -*../01,( -*/23.(

#*44,23(

50.3+6)3( ! "! ! %23+*78)3/*2((((#$%&'()(*+'(,-(! ! .! ! (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#/012*'(32( ! .! ! 52619./.!!!!!!!!!!!!!#4567+(-!8+9(+072&! ! .! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#:-,;-!4<%+'(,-&! ! .! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#=29(3+'(,-&! ! "! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#>92?(*'(,-&! ! @! ! ":;,+/4,2361(-+*),78+,( ! @! ! <,.813.((!!!!!!!!!!!!!#A25'! ! .! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#A+072&BC(D%92&! ! "! ! =/.)8../*2((((((((#=+'+!3&E!AF2,9G( ! H! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#I-'29692'+'(,-! ! H! ! #*2)18./*2( ! "! ! !

!

!

!

"!

!"#$%&'$()*+,*-./&0*1%2#$%)&$3! !"#$%&'(")*+,$-)"(./.($0".12*3$4#'56.($7.+(&+.*#$

!" !#$%&'()$!&#*

#$%!&'()*+,'&(&-,)!().!(//0102(&-,)!,3!*%.-1%)&!-)!4(&%'4(5*!().!'%*%'6,-'*7!&$%! 1,6%1%)&!,3!.0*&!().!,&$%'!+,220&()&*!-)!&$%!(&1,*+$%'%7!().!&$%!32,4!,3!2-80-.*!&$',09$! +,',0*!1%.-(!:-;%;7!&$%!32,4!,3!4(&%'!-)!()!(80-3%'<7!('%!%=(1+2%*!,3!)(&0'(2!+$%),1%)(!-)! 4$-/$!6-*/,*-&5!+2(5*!(!.,1-)()&!',2%;!

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

H//,'.-)9!&,!F%4&,)D*!C%/,).!G(4!:*-)/%!&$%!*+$%'%!-*!),&!(//%2%'(&-)9<I!!

!! ! !!

!! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!!"#$ ! !! !!! ! ! !!

!!! ! ! !!

H29%?'(-/!1()-+02(&-,)!5-%2.*!()!%=+'%**-,)!3,'!.5)(1-/!6-*/,*-&57!>7!-)!&%'1*!,3!!!7!!!7!.! ().!BI!

! ! !! !!! ! !!!

!"! !

#$%!+'%6-,0*!%80(&-,)!-*!6(2-.!3,'!(!*+$%'%!3(22-)9!3('!3',1!&$%!4(22;!J,4%6%'7!&$%!K4(22! %33%/&D!,//0'*!4$%)!&$%!3(22-)9!*+$%'%!-*!/2,*%!&,!(!4(22;!#$%!K4(22!%33%/&D!(33%/&*!&$%!*+$%'%! 4$%)I!

+,-./0*1"12*+/00*3456*',7-/78*49*+7::,;-*<=>0/0*

!

!

"!

!"!!"!!!"#$%&%'!! !"#$!!"#$%&%'!! !

! !!

#$!%&'!(!%)!*!+,%-)!-.!/+',%'+!%&,0!,!%&-+(1!%&'!)2.'+3'(!$,44!3'4)5-%61!7)1!5,0!2'!5)++'5%'(!$)+! %&'!89,44!'$$'5%:!26!%&'!+'4,%-)0;!

! ! !! ! ! !! !! !

!! !!

! !!!!!!

<&'!(+,/!$)+5'!)0!,!.=&'+'!>,6!,4.)!2'!5,45?4,%'(!26;!

!! ! !!!!! !! ! !

9&'+'1!!"#-.!%&'!=+)@'5%'(!,+',!)$!%&'!.=&'+'!,0(!$%!-.!%&'!5)'$$-5-'0%!)$!(+,/A!

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

!!" #$%&'(!)&*

<&'!)2@'5%-3'!)$!%&'!'B='+->'0%!-.!%)!('%'+>-0'!%&'!(60,>-5!3-.5).-%6!)$!,!$4?-(1!,%!+))>! %'>='+,%?+'1!26!%&'!,==4-5,%-)0!)$!E%)F':.!G,9A!H4.)1!('%'+>-0'!%&'!+'4,%-)0.&-=!2'%9''0! %&'!5)'$$-5-'0%!)$!(+,/!,0(!%&'!I'60)4(.!0?>2'+A!

!!!" +,(,*(#*$&*'#--&'(&+*

<&'!(,%,!%)!2'!5)44'5%'(!-054?(';!

• J,..!,0(!3)4?>'!)$!4-C?-(.K! • J,..!,0(!3)4?>'!)$!.=&'+'.K! • L,44!3'4)5-%-'.!)$!.=&'+'.!-0!4-C?-(.A!

* !)" ,.(!'!/,(&+*0&12-(1*

H%!,!>-0->?>1!6)?!.&)?4(!2'!,24'!%)!,0%-5-=,%';!

MN O&,%!,+'!%&'!.='5-$-5!9'-/&%!,0(!3-.5).-%6!)$!)-4!,0(!/465'+-0P! "N!!!O&,%!-.!%&'!+'4,%-)0.&-=!2'%9''0!(+,/!5)'$$-5-'0%!,0(!I'60)4(.!0?>2'+P!

!

!

"!

!" #$$#%#&'()) #$ %&'!()*+),-!.'/01)/2,!)/!03422!041/-5142/0!

6240).1(!0+72-!80&'!(1492!0+72-!1/,!'/2!-:1((!

0+72;$!%32!-:1((!0+72!1/,!'/2!(1492!0+72!.'/01)/!

:'0'4!')(<!&3)(2!032!'0324!(1492!0+72!.'/01)/-!

9(=.24)/$!

>$ ?2024!-0).@<!1/,!-0'5!&10.3$! "$ A1(1/.2<!:).4':2024<!:2024!-0).@<!1/,!-0'5&10.3$! B$ C53242-!&)03!614=)/9!-)D2!1/,!,2/-)0=$!!

!

!*" $%+,-.'%-)) #$ E2024:)/2!032!-52.)F).!&2)930!'F!032!()*+),-!7=!&2)930)/9!@/'&/!6'(+:2-$! >$ G2)93!21.3!-53242!1/,!:21-+42!032!,)1:2024!&)03!032!:).4':2024$! "$ ?21-+42!032!)//24!,)1:2024!'F!032!0+72-! B$ ?21-+42!032!02:52410+42!'F!032!()*+),-!8+-2!4'':!02:52410+42!)F!032!()*+),-!3162!

722/!)/!032!4'':!F'4!1!('/9!524)',!'F!0):2;$!!

H$ I(1.2!'/2!-53242!)/!032!()*+),!1/,!,2024:)/2!032!024:)/1(!62('.)0=!7=!0):)/9!032!F1((! 034'+93!1!:21-+42,!,)-01/.2!)/!032!0+72$!

J$ K25210!-025!H!&)03!-26241(!'0324!-53242-!&)03!,)FF242/0!-)D2-!1/,!:1--2-$! L$ K25210!-025!#!F'4!032!/2M0!0+72$!

!

!**" %-('/&() #$ N':5+02!032!,=/1:).!6)-.'-)0=!'F!032!()*+),!F'4!21.3!,4'5$! >$ N':5+02!032!@)/2:10).!6)-.'-)0=!'F!032!()*+),$! "$ I('0!'/!1!('9O('9!-.1(2<!032!.'2FF).)2/0!'F!,419<!NE<!'F!032!-53242!6-$!032!K2=/'(,-!

/+:724!F4':!032!(17'410'4=!,101$!C)/.2!/2)0324!,252/,-!'/!032!54'5240)2-!'F!032!

F(+),!'4!-53242<!+-2!1((!,101!5')/0-!'/!032!-1:2!5('0$!P701)/!032!5'&24!42942--)'/!

2*+10)'/$!

B$ E24)62!032!032'420).1(!42(10)'/-3)5!720&22/!032!.'2FF).)2/0!'F!,419<!NE<!1/,!K2=/'(,-! /+:724<!K2<!1/,!032/!.':5142!)0!&)03!032!5'&24!42942--)'/!2*+10)'/!'701)/2,!F4':!

032!('9O('9!5('0$!

012345)6"78)#99:4:;3<)=>4)0?31@)$4>954;15<)/:A)