Assignment
farie20
LA255InfantdevelopmentandCognitive-SocialDev.pptxInfant development (Cognitive and Social)
Remember Piaget?
Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs)
Formal Operational (Adolescence – Adulthood)
Remember Piaget?
Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs)
Formal Operational (Adolescence – Adulthood)
Primary = Body focused (thumb sucking)
Secondary= Object focused (shaking rattle)
Just tryin’ stuff out
Mental Representation
Develops during Beginnings of Thought substage
Ability to develop internal images or past events or hypotheticals
Demonstrated by deferred imitation- child imitates a person who is not there
How might a behaviorist explain these abilities?
Critiques of Piaget
Me: Behaviorism provides other explanations
Lack of object permanence could be lack of motor skills, could be poor memory, not lack of mental imagery
Baillargeon violation-of-expectation studies- 3.5 months
Babies respond when they see impossible things
http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/parenting-study-reveals-surprise-helps-infants-learn-30081282
Information Processing
Asks how we take in, use, and store information
Measures quantitative changes in infant’ abilities to organize and manipulate information
So faster, more sophisticated, and more capacity = more developed
Memory
Recording, storing, and retrieval is Memory
Memory is hard to measure in infants, but gets stronger over time
Hints help infants remember better (no duh)
Remember very little before age 3 – infantile amnesia
There is evidence of memories in infants, but it fades without language and becomes less detailed
Types of Memory
Explicit- intentional recall (George Washington’s birthday)
New Brain- Hippocampus and various parts of cortex
6months+
Implicit- unconscious memory (How to throw/catch)
Deep brain- cerebellum and brain stem
Earliest memories
intelligence
Can’t ask them questions
Motor, language, adaptive behavior, social behavior
Sensation, perception, memory, learning, problem solving
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpx4AgO-Oxw
Views on intelligence
Info Processing: Efficient processing signals intelligence
How quickly infants:
Solve a problem
Attend to new or old stimuli
Multimodal Approach to Perception
Recognize objects using once sense, when they were only perceived with another
Language
Phonemes- single sounds (a, e, i, o, u)
Morphemes- smallest sounds with meaning (-ing, -s, -ed)
Semantics- Rules for langauge
Comprehension
Comprehension comes before production
22 new words per month comprehended
9 new words spoken per month when speech begins
Prelinguistic Communication
Weird baby sounds that don’t mean anything that we respond to
Different noises for different objects
Repetition develops ability to produce variety of noises for speech
Babbling- even deaf children babble with sign language
Begins to sound like language at 6 months
First 50 words
First words are around 10-14 months
Nominal words – 60%
Verbs – 20%
Modifiers – 10%
Social words – 10%
At 18 -24 months- learn up to 400 words
Holophrases- one word says it all
First Sentences
Typically observations, typically subject-verb
“Ball bounce” for “the ball bounced”
Telegraphic speech- basically broken English
Underextension- words not generalized appropriately
Blankie only used for a particular blanket
Overextension- words used too broadly
Everything with 4 wheels is a car
Language Styles
Referential- descriptions and labeling
Expressive- wants, desires, feelings
Cultural differences account for differences in style
Language Development- Behaviorism
Speech = stimulus, elicits a response, that response is a stimulus for another response.
If child is understood, response is reinforced
If child is misunderstood, response is not reinforced
Parents still understand their children when they use wrong syntax, so aren’t mistakes also reinforced?
Yes, but less frequently, and we correct speech
Correct speech gets us what we want faster, different schedule of reinforcement
Language Development- Nativist
Noam Chomsky argues we have innate language abilities
Universal Grammar- all language shares a structure
Language Acquisition Device- neural system allowing that facilitates language learning
Genetics backs this up
Language Development- Interactionist
Genetics + environment leads to language development
Innate ability fostered by social environment
Social needs drive motivation to acquire language
Infant-Directed speech
aka Motherese
Short, high pitched sentences, repetition
We know infants are more sensitive to higher and lower ranges, so this might actually be easier to understand
This tends to fade after 1st year
Sexism in our language
Boys and girls are taught different words, more diminutive words for girls (doggie, kitty, birdie)
Boys are told no, girls are given suggestions
More referential speech is used with girls
Social and Personality Development
Infant Emotions
Facial expressions are universal signs of emotional states
Interest, distress, disgust – at birth
Social smile, anger, surprise, sadness – 4 months
Fear, shame, shyness – 5-6 months
Contempt, guilt – 2 years
The feely Part of the emotions
Biological arousal
Cognitive
Behavioral
Fear?
Sadness?
Happiness?
Recognizing emotions
At 8 weeks, infants cant really see facial expressions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apzXGEbZht0
Social referencing- infants check in with others to make sense of an event
Awareness and Mind
Infants are self aware by around 12 months
2-year-olds have a sense of their abilities prior to trying a task
Infants develop a sense that other people think over time
18 month olds realize people will do stuff if you ask
They also realize only certain moving things are alive
1 year olds understand helping
2 year olds have empathy, will also begin to lie
Attachment
Avoidant
Secure
Ambivalent
Disorganized-disoriented
Role of Mothers
Certain behaviors are universal across cultures
Exaggerated facial expressions
Peek-a-boo
Mutual Regulation
Parents and children learn to express emotions and respond to each other
Fathers
They are important too
Substance use and depression are more highly correlated with father-child relationship than mother-child
Some infants primarily attach to fathers
Mothers tend to do more feeding/nurturing
Fathers tend to do more playing
Found across cultures
Infants and their peers
Infants recognize other infants, will interact with them
Familiar = more interactions
9-12 months: mutual sharing begins
14 months: peer-imitation
Personality and Temperament
Remember Erikson?
Erikson and Infants
Trust vs Mistrust
Needs met? Basic sense of trust develops
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Exploring boundaries- encouraged or restricted
Temperament
Long-lasting patterns of arousal and emotionality
Easy
Difficult
Slow-to-Warm
Easy Temperament
40% of babies
Positive, good bodily cycle, adaptable, curious
Difficult Temperament
10% of babies
Slow to adapt, withdraw in unfamiliar situations, highly reactive
Slow-To-Warm Temperament
15% of infants
Negative moods, slow adapters, calm but slow to interact with others and new situations
Gender Roles
Gender is our sense of being male or female
Different than sex- which is biological
Infants distinguish gender by 1st year
Develop preference for gendered toys
Boys are more stereotyped than girls
Girls are “protected” more during first steps, boys are encouraged to explore
