Assignment
farie20
LA255BirthandInfancy1.pptxBirth and Infancy
Birth
266 days post conception- CRH triggers oxytocin release which causes uterus to contract
Braxton-Hicks contractions- false labor, practice contractions basically, after 4 months
Contractions squeeze the fetus into birth canal through the cervix
Stage 1 of Birth
Contractions 9-10 min, 30 seconds long
Contractions become more frequent and last longer, 2 min and 2 min.
Cervix opens to 10 cm
Time varies greatly
Stage 2
Baby moves past cervix into birth canal
Lasts around 90 minutes
Episiotomy may be necessary
An incision to increase the size of the opening
Stage 3
Once the baby is out, stage 3 begins
Umbilical chord and placenta are ejected
Lasts a few minutes
Neonates
Covered in vernix
Cottage-cheese-like baby lube
Lanugo- baby fuzz
May also be covered in blood and other fluids from labor
Apgar Scale
Bonding
Skin to skin contact between mother and child right after birth
Necessary or not?
Birth Complications
Premature- born prior to 38 weeks after conception
Treatment: monitor in hospital for weight gain
Low birthweight- les than 5.5 pounds
Treatment: incubator- to prevent respiratory infection and distress, balance oxygen
Small-for-gestational-age infants- weight 90% or less of the average weight of infants at same gestational age
Treatment: see above
Causes of prematurity
Reproductive immaturity
Having twins (extra womb stress)
Older fathers
Younger mothers
Time since last birth
Social, economic, medical factors
Post-mature Infants
Not born for 2 weeks after due date
Risks:
Poor blood flow from placenta
Brain damage
Bigger baby = riskier birth
Treatment: C-Section, induce labor
Other Complications
Still Birth- child does not live through birth canal
1 in 115 births in the US
Not always detected prior to labor
Postpartum Depression- depression following the birth
10% of new mothers
Symptoms- persistent sadness, sometimes for months or years, can lead to suicidality, or hurting one’s children
Onset is usually a surprise
Methods of Childbirth
Lamaze- breathing techniques and relaxation training, helps with pain, minimizes drug use
Bradley Method- husband coach, relaxation techniques, nutrition counseling, exercise, discouraged from using doctors
Hypnobirthing- self-hypnosis during delivery, supported by research in reducing pain
Water Birthing- smooth transition for baby from wet womb, may help in pain reduction
Methods of Childbirth
Cesarean Delivery- C-section, baby is surgically removed from the uterus
Used when fetus is distressed, breech position (feet first), transverse position (baby is sideways)
Risks: as with any operation- infection, long recovery time, absence of stress hormones at birth may impact child’s development
Deliverers
Obstetricians- physicians
Midwives- usually nurses, no complication births
Doula- experts in birthing alternatives, provide counseling, education, don’t really deliver, no certification necessary
With or Without Drugs?
Childbirth is painful because obviously
Epidural Anesthesia- numbness from waist down
Risk: mother can’t walk, can’t push
Dual spinal-epidural- less limitations on walking, continual doses, smaller needles
Drugs also reach the fetus, can lower oxygen levels, poorer motor functioning after birth, cry more, difficulty breastfeeding
Most OB/GYNs think it is safe
What Can Neonates Do?
Reflexes- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0V4x0iQODTk
Swimming-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbSCSHzXkrI
Which Ones Did We See?
Infant Senses
Attend to high contrast
Size constancy
Color vision
Can recognize familiar sounds
Sensitive to touch
Smell and taste well developed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YBheuHma8I
Learning
Classical conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Habituation- orienting response decreases
Neonates are Social!
Mimic facial expressions
Also experimentation happens, trying out new faces, sticking out tongue
Parent-child relationship
Operantly condition each other
Baby talk
