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Lecture 18 Understanding Charts/Graphs

Module Title: Research Methods and Practice Module Code: SSSC H3015 Dr Clay Darcy

L.O.#

Recap L18 Give two characteristics of a questionnaire? Structured / Standardised

What should we keep in mind when we are designing a questionnaire? Our R.Q / R. Aims / Sample

What things should we avoid when constructing questions? Double Barrell Qs / Qs with Negatives / Leading Qs / Qs full of jargon!

What is a Likert Scale? Multiple-indicator or multiple-item measure of a set of attitudes relating to a particular area.

Univariate Analysis Bivariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis

Simplest form of statistical analysis; inferential or descriptive. The key fact is that only one variable is involved.

The simultaneous analysis of two variables (attributes).

Analysis based on the statistical principle of multivariate statistics, involving observation and analysis of more than one statistical outcome variable at a time.

Understanding Charts/Graphs

Pie Charts

Clay’s Lecture

Sore fest Boring Brain melting Dull

Used to illustrate numerical proportions;

Difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across different pie charts;

Useful for describing sample or comparing a category within the total (i.e. a slice of pie compared with the whole pie!).

Comparison … difficult

Comparison … easier

Bar Charts

65 72

81 90

35 28

19 10

100

Cocaine Cannabis Heroin Ketamine

Drug Use

Men Women

Present categorical data (categories) with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values they represent;

Bar graphs can also be used for more complex comparisons of data with grouped bar charts and stacked bar charts.

Histogram

• A histogram is an accurate representation of the distribution of numerical data; • Used for continuous

data; • Frequency; • It differs from a bar

graph, in that in a bar graph relates two variables, but a histogram relates only one.

Scatter Plots

• Display the relationship between two sets of data (they can also be called a scattergram or a scatter diagram). • A dot represents a single

data point. With several data points graphed, a visual distribution of the data can be seen.

Anyone know what this is called?

In statistics, an outlier is a data point that differs significantly from other observations.

Outliers

Line Chart • Type of chart that

displays information as a series of data points called 'markers' connected by straight line segments; • Used to represent data

over a continuous time span; • E.g. follow trends over

time.

Error Bars An error bar is a line through a point on a graph, parallel to one of the axes, which represents the uncertainty or variation of the corresponding coordinate of the point.

Source: https://www.biologyforlife.com/i nterpreting-error-bars.html (Accessed 09.11.2019)

https://www.biologyforlife.com/interpreting-error-bars.html

Error Bars

Source: https://www.biologyforlife.com/interpreting-error-bars.html (Accessed 09.11.2019)

https://www.biologyforlife.com/interpreting-error-bars.html

(UNODC, 2009, pg. 17)

What type of chart am I?

Source: https://visme.co/blog/funny-graphs/ (Accessed 09.11.2019)

Answer: Bar Chart

https://visme.co/blog/funny-graphs/

Source: https://visme.co/blog/funny-graphs/ (Accessed 09.11.2019)

Answer: Line Chart