Discussion: Chapter 2 Biological and Environmental Foundations

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Ch. 2

Biological and Environmental Foundations

1970’s survey results

Adult status and identity

Expansion of self; immortality

Morality, normality, good of the group

Primary group ties; affiliation

Stimulation; novelty and fun

Creativity, accomplishment, competence

Power, effectiveness

Social comparison, competition

Economic utility

Why have children???

Biological foundations

Behavioral genetics: field that examines how genes and experience combine to influence traits

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA molecules make up chromosomes.

Code for transmission of all genetic information

A gene is a segment of a DNA molecule.

https:// youtu.be/gYY5bLWriZw (chimera)

Gene

The Genetic Code

Chromosomes

Store and transmit genetic information

Each cell in the human body contains 23 pairs.

Cell

Figure 2.1

https:// youtu.be/8bB9PPjp04o

Black and white twins

Male or Female?

Sex is determined by whether an X-bearing or a Y-bearing sperm (male sex cell) fertilizes the ovum (female sex cell). https:// youtu.be/EcmwqObHQrw https :// youtu.be/MmMYyty2ge8

Male

Fehttps://youtu.be/EcmwqObHQrwmale

Sperm

Ovum

Sperm

Patterns of Genetic Inheritance

genes are alike (homozygous) – trait will appear

Genes are different (heterozygous), then relationships between genes determine the trait that will appear.

Dominant genes result in the characteristics while recessive genes will only have effect if paired with another recessive gene

Polygenic inheritance: some traits result from interactions of many genes

homozygous

heterozygous

One-fourth of all couples who try to conceive discover that they are sterile.

Donor insemination is 30 to 40 percent successful.

Each year, one percent of all children in developed countries are conceived through in vitro fertilization.

The overall success rate of in vitro fertilization is about 70 percent.

Most parents who have used in vitro fertilization do not tell their children about their origins.

In the United States and Canada, donors are always screened for all genetic and sexually transmitted diseases.

Because surrogacy favors the wealthy as contractors for infants and the less economically advantaged as surrogates, it may promote the exploitation of financially needy women.

Most recipients of in vitro fertilization are in their fifties and sixties.

9. In the past decade, scientists have successfully cloned human infants.

10. At present, nothing is known about the psychological consequences of being a product of reproductive technologies

Reproductive Technologies

Donor sperm/artificial insemination - sperm injected into the woman http:// www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9193014/British-man-fathered-600-children-at-own-fertility-clinic.html

In vitro fertilization - egg and sperm are united in a dish

https://thoughtcatalog.com/daniel-hayes/2016/01/11-mindblowing-in-vitro-fertilization-mix-ups-and-mistakes /

Surrogacy- another woman is inseminated with the father’s sperm or donor sperm or an embryo and then delivers the baby https:// youtu.be/n8P1Eqk2_M0 (6;20)

https :// youtu.be/xRrkBr5fxFE (5 min)

embryo adoption https:// youtu.be/JEXGBjfxfME (6 min)

Ovarian (egg) and sperm crytopreservation - saving healthy tissues for later use

Egg donation – harvesting healthy eggs from a donor https:// youtu.be/N4rf5BV4KHQ

cloning- organism grown from cell of parent and is genetically identical https:// youtu.be/7tbxN5uwaqA (3 min)

Fetal monitoring techniques

Ultrasound – high-frequency waves used to obtain an image

Amniocentesis – fluid obtained from uterus

Chorionic villus sampling: tissue from membrane surrounding fetus are analyzed

Fetoscopy: small camera inserted to perform procedures in utero