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Knowledge Management (Km) In the Age of Cloud Computing (CC): Benefit and Challenges

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Knowledge Management (Km) In the Age of Cloud Computing (CC): Benefit and

Challenges

BY

Musa, Shittu ([email protected], [email protected])

Faculty of Social Sciences Library, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Musa, Aminu Umar ([email protected] , [email protected])

Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Abdulkadir, Aliyu ([email protected] , [email protected] )

Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Being a paper presented at National Seminar/Workshop Organised by Nigerian Library

Association Abuja Chapter in Collaboration with University of Abuja, Theme; Clone

Librarianship in the 21 st Century. Held on 1

st – 5

th September, 2015, At ICT- Laboratory,

University of Abuja Library, along Giri Airport Road, Abuja Nigeria

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Abstract

The paper explores the concept of knowledge management, (KM), KM activities in an

organization comprises of organizing, transferring, locating and ensuring the usage of

information and expertise. Cloud computing (CC), being one of the technology in which data and

services reside in massively scalable data centers in the cloud and can be accessed from a web

browser has greatly impacted on the way knowledge is being managed. Two CC models: service

model and deployment model were discussed. Characteristics of CC such as Self Healing, Multi-

tenancy, linear scalability, and others were highlighted. Impact of CC on KM in libraries was

also discussed. KM software such as Igloo software, SpringCM solution, Office 365 and

SharePoint Online and others were explained. KM tools such as blog, wiki, discussion board,

RSS feed and others have also been treated in the paper. Issues and challenges associated with

KM using cc were also discussed. The paper therefore, concluded that the new trend, KM in CC

has made Knowledge management easy to capture, store, disseminate and share knowledge in

large organizations. Finally, organization needs to harness the benefits of cloud computing in

knowledge management as this will go a long way in reducing the difficulties face in the

traditional knowledge management system.

Key words: Knowledge Management (KM), Cloud Computing (CC), Utilization, Benefits

and Challenges, Libraries.

Introduction

The globalization of world economy together with the advancement in Information and

Communication Technology (ICTs), has brought about need for Knowledge management

through cloud computing, whereby emphasis is being made in recent time across diverse

disciplines including librarianship; scholars globally have shown rigor interest on the emerging

field that has known to be one of the most lucrative means of managing most important assets of

any organization. According to Uriarte (2008) there is no universally accepted definition of

knowledge management. But there are numerous definitions proffered by experts. Put very

simply, knowledge management is the conversion of tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge

and sharing it within the organization. Putting it more technically and accurately, knowledge

management is the process through which organizations generate value from their intellectual

and knowledge based assets. Defined in this manner, it becomes apparent that knowledge

management is concerned with the process of identifying, acquiring, distributing and maintaining

knowledge that is essential to the organization. Soliman & Youssef (2003) reported that one of

the most important elements in competitive advantage is information. Some information are

critical enough for organizations to identify and manage them using various means and tools

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from both knowledge management (KM), information management (IM) and cloud computing

(CC). Accordingly, Jain (2012) observed that the roles of academic librarians have changed

radically at both library practitioners and library school educators’ levels. They are no more

traditional information protectors and managers. New trends such as cloud computing, open

access, knowledge management, digital scholarship, institutional repositories are all often owned

by the libraries and the librarians. Following a study conducted in 2004 by White noted that

resources, users and the practical knowledge of the organization, form a model for the librarian

―know-how‖ that is found in the minds of library staff and is embedded in working practices and

in their culture. In an organization KM duties comprises of organizing, transferring, locating and

ensuring the usage of information and expertise within the organization. The enablers support for

such a process is the culture of the organization, leadership perception, the technology used and

measurement of achievement. Within such understanding management use the processing

capabilities to take effective action to achieve the firms' goals (Oliver and Kandadi, 2006). White

(2004) further drew attention to some risk (difficulty to capture and manage knowledge in large

libraries, difficulty of integrating the knowledge management strategy in the existing strategy of

the organization, staff fear of sharing their knowledge with colleagues) and benefit (knowledge

of experienced personnel is maintained within the organization, a better understanding of user’s

requirements through evaluation of the services and improvements, an opportunity to see the

specialists in library not only service-oriented, but also value-oriented) factors that must be

considered before implementing knowledge management in a library.

Over the decades we have witnessed how the Information and Communications

Technology (ICT) has been evolving in terms of its infrastructure requirements and the

provisioning of the services and their management aspects. In recent times, Cloud Computing

technology has emerged as a promising ICT approach to improve the way people and businesses

see ICT as a service (Rafiq, Bashar & Shaikh, 2014)

Cloud computing can transform the way systems are built and services delivered,

providing libraries with an opportunity to extend their impacts (Matt. 2010) According to Ogbu

and Lawal (2013) Cloud computing offers a new dimension in computing, it changes how we

invent, develop, scale, update, maintain and pay for applications and the infrastructure on which

they are run. In cloud computing, data and services reside in massively scalable data centers in

the cloud and can be accessed from a web browser. Mohr (2012) stated that as technology

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changes, however, the need for a clear and definitive knowledge management is increasing. The

increase in adoption of mobile devices, cloud computing, and virtual workplace has makes

knowledge management more important. Therefore, this study is aim to explore the various ways

in which cloud computing can assist library and information professionals in Nigeria on

Knowledge management practice.

Cloud Computing

The dynamism in information and Communication Technology posed a lot of challenges

to organization of all types across the globe. Even though, some organizations take advantage of

such dynamism to create some solution to the existing problems such as cloud computing in

library service. Kaplan (2010) stated that one of the most lamenting challenges facing

organizations across the globe for years has been knowledge management. In the past, the task of

capturing, organizing and disseminating valuable information so it could be properly utilized by

end-users and business executives was an herculean effort that produced limited results. Today's

cloud computing movement offers exciting opportunities to remedy those age-old challenges.

Kaushik & Kumar (2013) reported that the concept of cloud computing was emerged as

far back as 1960s, when John McCarthy opined that computation may someday be organized as a

public utility. Chellappa gave the first academic definition of the term Cloud Computing in 1997

and later on, in the year 2007 the term cloud computing came into popularity and firstly was used

in this context when Kevin Kelly opined that eventually we will have the inter-cloud, the cloud

of clouds. The emergence of Cloud computing in 2007 has attracted a great deal of attention

from many quarters (e.g., authors, consultants, technology analysts, companies). The more

interest it attracted the more attempts were made to define it (Sultan, 2013).

According to a study conducted by McKinsey (the global management consulting firm)

found that there were 22 possible separate definitions of cloud computing. In fact, no common

standard or definition for cloud computing seems to exist (Grossman, 2009; Voas & Zhang,

2009). The word ―Cloud‖ According to Kaushik & Kumar (2013) connotes the combination of

servers, networks, connection, applications and resources. Cloud computing can be defined as a

kind of computing technology which facilitates in sharing the resources and services over the

internet rather than having these services and resources on local servers/ nodes or personal

devices. Cloud computing is acting as a resources pooling technology for accessing infinite

computing services and resources as per demand of users and can be compare with models of

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pay as you use or utility model same as used for mobile services usages and electricity

consumption (Kaushik & Kumar, 2013) According Sultan and Sultan (2012) cloud computing is

a modality, that uses advances in ICTs such as virtualization and grid computing for delivering a

range of ICT services through software, and virtual hardware (as opposed to physical)

provisioned (by data centers owned and operated by cloud providers and/or end users) according

to user demands and requirements and delivered remotely through public (e.g., Internet), private

networks or a mix (i.e., hybrid) of the two delivery modes.

Models of Cloud Computing

Service Model

Cloud computing models are numerous offering variety of service that originated on the web but

three service models widely used for delivering the different cloud based services (Rafiq, Bashar

& Shaikh, 2014). These models are:

1- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): This service model comprises a wide range of features,

Services and resources which support to build an virtual infrastructure for computing.

Organizations can be developed entire infrastructure on demand e.g. Amazon Web Services,

Rackspace, Savvis, HP, IBM, Sun and Google Base.

2- Platform as a Service (PaaS): Platform as a Service model helps in generating the computing

platforms to run the software and other tools over the internet without managing the software and

hardware at the end of user side. Amazon Elastic Cloud, EMC Atmos, Aptana and GoGrid are

the examples of PaaS model which providing platforms to users in maintaining and supporting

their IT infrastructure without spending huge amount for buying hardware, software and related

technology.

3- Software as a Service (SaaS): In this model, users can avail the facilities to access and use

any software available with cloud vendors. However, it is not necessary for the users to buy the

software, install and run, maintenance the applications on their own servers. The cloud users

need not to manage the cloud infrastructure and platform on which the application is running.

This service model provides online email applications, free services, limitless storage, and

remote access from any computer or device with an Internet connection (Kaushik & Kumar,

2013)

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Deployment Model

Deployment models deal with the manner in which the infrastructure of Cloud Computing

system is deployed, owned and managed by the service providers & consumers. This leads to the

concept of Private, Public, Community and Hybrid cloud architectures (Zhang et al. 2010).

Currently, four types of cloud deployment models have been defined in the cloud community:

These models are:

1- Private Cloud: This type of deployment model mainly developed and managed by a single

organization or a third party irrespective of whether it is located in premise or off premise.

There are various reasons responsible for the development of private cloud for an

organization some key reasons include optimize utilization of existing in-house resources,

security concerns including data privacy and trust also make private cloud an option for

many firms, data transfer cost from local IT infrastructure to a Public Cloud is still rather

considerable, organizations always require full control over mission critical activities that

reside behind their firewalls and for research and teaching purposes (Kaushik & Kumar,

2013)

2- Community Cloud: community clouds are often regarded as type of cloud that can be

provided by one organization and consumed by groups of organizations in businesses or

professions similar to that of the providing organization. However, there are little examples

to demonstrate the viability of this approach (Sultan& Sultan, 2012).

3- Public Cloud: This method of deployment mainly makes cloud infrastructure available to

the public on a commercial basis by a cloud service provider. This allows a consumer to

develop and deploy a service in the cloud with very little financial implication compared to

the capital expenditure requirements normally associated with other deployment options such

as private (Ogbu and Lawal, 2013)

4- Hybrid Cloud: This type of cloud made from more than one cloud deployment models that

may be public, private, community and other models also, bound together with by

standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g.,

cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). The Hybrid cloud model is widely used

by institutions and organizations because this model provides more facilities and flexibilities

in making optimum use of their resources and accomplishing the tasks (Kaushik & Kumar,

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2013) the above discussed models of Cloud Computing system are summarized in Fig. 1.

Below:

Service Model Deployment Model

Figure 1: Models of cloud computing

Characteristics of Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing being one of the modern technology uses in storing and sharing mass

scalable of data across the globe poses the following characteristics as reported by Gosavi,

Shinde, and Dhakulkar, (2012)

1. Self Healing:

Any application or any service running in a cloud computing environment has the property of

self healing. In case of failure of the application, there is always a hot backup of the application

ready to take over without disruption. There are multiple copies of the same application - each

copy updating itself regularly so that at times of failure there is at least one copy of the

application which can take over without even the slightest change in its running state.

2. Multi-tenancy:

With cloud computing, any application supports multi-tenancy - that is multiple tenants at the

same instant of time. The system allows several customers to share the infrastructure allotted to

them without any of them being aware of the sharing. This is done by virtualizing the servers on

the available machine pool and then allotting the servers to multiple users. This is done in such a

way that the privacy of the users or the security of their data is not compromised.

3. Linearly Scalable:

Cloud computing services are linearly scalable. The system is able to break down the workloads

into pieces and service it across the infrastructure. An exact idea of linear scalability can be

1- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2- Platform as a Service (PaaS) 3- Software as a Service (SaaS)

1- Private Cloud 2- Community Cloud 3- Public Cloud 4- Hybrid Cloud

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obtained from the fact that if one server is able to process say 1000 transactions per second, then

two servers can process 2000 transactions per second.

4. Service-oriented:

Cloud computing systems are all service oriented - i.e. the systems are such that they are created

out of other discrete services. Many such discrete services which are independent of each other

are combined together to form this service. This allows re-use of the different services that are

available and that are being created. Using the services that were just created, other such services

can be created.

5. SLA Driven:

Usually businesses have agreements on the amount of services. Scalability and availability issues

cause clients to break these agreements. But cloud computing services are SLA driven such that

when the system experiences peaks of load, it will automatically adjust itself so as to comply

with the service-level agreements. The services will create additional instances of the

applications on more servers so that the load can be easily managed.

6. Virtualized:

The applications in cloud computing are fully decoupled from the underlying hardware. The

cloud computing environment is a fully virtualized environment.

7. Flexible:

Another feature of the cloud computing services is that they are flexible. They can be used to

serve a large variety of workload types - varying from small loads of a small consumer

application to very heavy loads of a commercial application

Features of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing being an emerging computer paradigm where data and services reside in

massively scalable data centers in the cloud and can be accessed from any connected devices

over the internet. Therefore, it poses the following features:

1- Convenient & Ubiquitous: available through standard Internet enabled devices.

2- On-demand self service: customers can adjust their services without needing anyone’s

help. Best of breed self-service provides users the ability to upload, build, deploy,

schedule, manage, and report on their business on demand.

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3- Location independent resource pooling: processing and storage demands are balanced

across a common infrastructure with no particular resource assigned to any individual

user.

4- Rapid elasticity consumers can increase or decrease capacity.

5- Pay per use: Consumers pay for only what resources they use and therefore are charged

or billed (Mehmet and Serhat, n.d)

Features of Cloud Computing

Fig. 2 Features of Cloud Computing

The Impact of Cloud Computing on Knowledge Management in Libraries

Many literatures revealed that there is concrete relationship between innovation such as

cloud computing and knowledge management. This strong relationship between CC and KM.

can play a significant role for the survival of any organization for its competitive advantage

without which the organizational goals cannot be achieved easily. Leal-Rodríguez et al (2013)

inferred that there is a strong knowledge-innovation link in organizations that have low barriers

to knowledge creativity, sharing and knowledge transfer and those that promote open cultures.

Cloud services are increasingly being used for the purpose of knowledge management because of

the following reasons:

1. Technological advancement related to ubiquitous high-speed internet connectivity

2. Shrinking cost of data-storage,

3. The propagation of smart mobile devices at electric speed around the world.

These factors have helped in fulfilling the pre-requisite of simple, cost-effective and flexible

information. The use of smart phones and tablets demonstrates the potential of cloud computing

to empower the users with sophisticated and high powered yet uncomplicated and easy-to-use

Convenient & Ubiquitous

On-demand self service

Location independent resource pooling

Rapid elasticity

Pay per use

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computer applications and information, which was otherwise not so easy to access (Dave1, Dave,

Shishodia, 2013). Disseminating knowledge through manual means is not effective which in

most cases is slow and often does not meet the needs of the user population. It is important for

corporations to develop a knowledge management strategy that responds to user needs in a

timely and efficient manner that takes information and data real time and provides information

and data in the right context from a trusted source – the corporation (Mohr, 2012).

Today, the continuously falling costs of computing, data transmission and storage are

constantly broadening the opportunity for cloud services to transform businesses and business

models (Dave1, Dave, Shishodia, 2013). Linnake (2008) noted that organization needs Social

Media to support, manage and strengthen collaboration in the organization. Staff needs more

information about existing knowledge in the organization and about competences their co-

workers have. Therefore libraries as repositories of knowledge are not exclusive as they also

need to support, manage and strengthen collaboration among their staff and users alike. It is

important to note that the entire social networking phenomenon is enabled by cloud computing.

It is believed that the eventual impact of social networking on businesses and the related

improvement in productivity will be profound (Dave1, Dave, Shishodia, 2013). There exist many

Social Media Applications - like Face book, LinkedIn or MySpace - that offer possibilities to

interactive communication, effective document sharing, employee competences and best

practices. Besides existing Social Media tools, organizations can also acquire tools that can be

use for knowledge management in the organization. Also networks between different people

could be made visible to other employees with the help of this kind of Social Media utilization.

Social Media also enables more effective sharing of knowledge in an organization. Wiki, blog or

online forums can be used to improve the personnel’s possibilities to correct, update or add

instructions, documents or other materials to a company’s Intranet (Säntti, 2008) Tapscott and

Williams (2008) cited an example at Xerox a wiki is used, for example, collaboratively to define

the company’s technology strategy. The personalization of virtual workplaces or intranet view is

also feasible with the help of Social Media. The reason behind knowledge management is to

ensure and facilitate creation, storage and dissemination of knowledge. In the 21 st century the

benefit of knowledge management could be easily harness through cloud computing using

varying software as flat form which enables the tool to be effectively utilized. Some of software

together with the various tools was discuss under the following:

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Knowledge management software

1- Office 365 and SharePoint Online

Office 365 (Microsoft’s new productivity suite) This cloud-based software, renamed

Share- Point Online, allows users to create and publish websites without any programming

involved, just by selecting or modifying components such as themes, templates, Web parts

(widgets), and data structure elements available within this platform. With little effort and

technology expertise, site administrators can create sophisticated structures such as blogs, wikis,

newsfeeds, discussion boards, surveys, and email distribution lists that are commonly found in

the best Web-based communities and portal (Sultan, 2013)

2- BMC Knowledge Management

BMC provides a powerful knowledge content search engine that not only helps

service desk analysts find solutions to incidents, but also provides users with access to resources

for resolving their own issues. BMC Knowledge Management as a Service is part of the BMC

Remedy IT Service Management Suite. This offering delivers cloud-enabled service desk,

selfservice, inventory, and basic knowledge management capabilities hosted on the Cloud

Platform (Knowledge Management Solutions, 2013)

3- Salesforce Knowledge Management

Service Cloud is Salesforce.com’s enterprise KMS. The new release of this platform

(Service Cloud 3) was unveiled in March 2011. It is designed to enable companies to monitor

blogs, forums and online social networks and capture conversations about their brands through

Radian6 technologies. Radian6 is a company, bought by Salesforce.com in 2011, that uses tools

for social media listening, tracking and monitoring. It was bought by Salesforce.com in 2011.

While the previous version allowed users to answer questions on a company’s Facebook page,

Service Cloud 3 provides a deeper integration with the online social network by enabling users to

convert Facebook wall posts and comments into cases within the platform and have someone

respond to them. That way, you can service those customers with the same processes that you

would use for more traditional channels. Salesforce.com has also added the same functionality

for Twitter and allows users to create cases and share knowledge from Tweets and conversations.

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4- Igloo Software

Igloo is a web-based platform for collaborating at work. It's a digital workplace that

enables to share files, find answers, solve problems, locate information and expertise and tap into

the collective knowledge of customers, partners and peers, virtually anywhere.

1. Build rich user profiles to locate expertise & knowledge

2. Collaborate through blogs, forums, wikis, polls and events

3. Find what you need faster through activity streams & search

4. Share, organize & manage documents & multimedia

5. Communicate with integrated messaging, presence & status (Igloo Software, 2013)

The Igloo platform combines document management and collaboration tools with social software

capabilities to help build and support communities both inside and outside an organization

(Ashenden, 2009). In March 2009, Igloo launched a BlackBerry Client application. The app

allows community members to access and contribute content to their online communities via a

BlackBerry Smartphone. In April 2010, Igloo unveiled the industry's first Social Media

Playbook. The Playbook provides free access to a number of resources for building online

communities from the ground up

5- SpringCM Solutions

SpringCM offers powerful content cloud services platform available for businesses

today. The service provided makes it easy to share documents, collaborate around content,

streamline business processes, and deliver better business outcomes. A broad range of

information - from content management, document and file sharing to collaboration, automated

workflows, and cloud technology - in a wide range of formats are provided (Springcm

Resources, 2013)

Knowledge management Tools

Knowledge Management tools can be categorized into four groups according to

their functionalities (Jashapara 2004) these groups are also in line with Social Media tools. The

four categories of Knowledge Management tools can be divided into knowledge capturing tools,

knowledge evaluating tools, knowledge sharing tools and tools that can be used to store and

present knowledge. Organization needs tools from all these four groups to be able to manage

knowledge effectively (Jashapara 2004). These tools include:

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1- Blogs

A blog is a Website that is usually maintained by one person or in some case by a group

of people. A blog contains normally descriptions about happenings, ideas or events in a

chronological order. A key feature of a blog is that people can comment on it easily and that the

texts in the blog stay as they were put to the blog. In many organizations blogs are used to

present managers ideas to the employees. This is done for example at TietoEnator. Because of

the chronological order of blog content, however, the finding of information can be complicated.

(Otala 2008; Tapscott and Williams 2008)

2- Wikis

A wiki is a Web page that can be viewed and modified by anybody with a Web

browser and access to the Internet. This implies that any visitor to the wiki can change its content

if they desire. Wikis permit asynchronous communication and group collaboration across the

Internet. Variously described as a composition system, a discussion medium, a repository, a mail

system, and a tool for collaboration, wikis provide users with both author and editor privileges;

the overall organization of contributions can be edited as well as the content itself. Despite the

vulnerability of the page for mischief, wikis have some potential of being robust, open-ended,

collaborative group sites. Wikis are able to incorporate sounds, movies, and pictures; they may

prove to be a simple tool to create multimedia presentations and simple digital stories. The first

wikis appeared in the mid-1990s. Scientists and engineers used them to create dynamic

knowledge bases. Wiki content—contributed ―on the fly‖ by subject-matter specialists— could

be immediately (and widely) viewed and commented on (Educause Learning Initiative, 2005)

3- Newsfeeds

RSS-feeds (Really Simple Syndication) are Web feed formats that are used to publish

frequently updating material in XML form. A feed can be ordered from many Web pages and it

is sent to the subscriber when the content of the Web page changes. RSS can be used to

compensate emails, for example. (Hintikka 2007)

4- Discussion boards

A discussion board (known also by various other names such as discussion

group, discussion forum, message board, and online forum) is a general term for any online

"bulletin board" where you can leave and expect to see responses to messages you have left. Or

you can just read the board. The first discussion boards were available on bulletin board systems.

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On the Internet, Usenet provides thousands of discussion boards; these can now sometimes be

viewed from a Web browser. Many websites offer discussion boards so that users can share and

discuss information and opinions. Special software is available that provides discussion board

capability for a website (WhatIS.com, 2011)

5- Corporate portal

A corporate portal is a framework of integrating information and people in

organizations. These portals are used to centralize content contribution to employees through a

secure user interface. Shared information can be personalized by employee’s interests. An

example of a corporate portal is Microsoft’s SharePoint server.

Issues and Challenges in the Utilization of Cloud Computing Software and Tools

The deployment of Extending SharePoint with Content-Centric Applications need a lot

of investment in IT infrastructure, by virtue of Extending SharePoint Applications which

constitute a lot of functionalities that requires third party product before it can effectively

operate. For example such as scanning, OCR, business process management (BPM), Fax, ERP

integration, e-signature and records management all these cannot be successfully operate without

total automation of the entire departmental processes. This is in line with research report of

Forrester on collaboration, only 49% of small and medium businesses (SMBs) and 50% of

enterprises report satisfaction with SharePoint and Lotus Notes (Sultan, 2013).

Even though cloud computing tools offer a lot of opportunities in organizations yet, there

a lot of challenges when using social media in working activities. According to Gartner’s

research (Linnake 2008), companies face five main challenges when starting to utilize Social

Media in the activities of the company. These challenges are

(1) Choosing the right operational models to find Social Media tools that are relevant for the

organisation’s operational plans and needs.

(2) Overcoming cultural barriers arisen from the attitude and behavioral changes needed to get

all employees taking part to the Social Media tool use posed a great challenge to many

organizations.

(3) Issue relating to privacy is another bedeviling challenge face by most organization. For

example, separating information that are meant to be private and those that are meant for the

public consumptions always use to be difficult to maintain.

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(4) Behavior of the tool users. Behavior of the tool users should also be observed. According to

Fiilin (2007) the possibility to publish information on an organization’s Intranet without a name

or behind a pseudonym might dilute the quality of the Intranet content. He discusses that IBM

has also noticed that problem, and for this reason the policy is such that the conversations in the

Intranet must be done using the employee’s own name. Fiilin (2007) tells that IBM has been

satisfied with this way of communicating with the person’s real name added to the conversations.

Conclusion

Cloud computing has begin to transform the way systems are built and services delivered,

providing libraries with an opportunity to extend their impacts. The new trend has made

Knowledge management easier to capture, store, disseminate and share knowledge in large

organizations. This is more realizable due to fulfilling the pre-requisite of simple, cost-effective

and flexible information sharing that are attributed to cloud computing. Cloud providers must

ensure that the information security systems they provide are responsive to customer

requirements and the data, both primary and secondary, must be preserved as authentic and

reliable. Finally, organization needs to harness the benefits of cloud computing in knowledge

management this will go a long way in reducing the difficulties face in the traditional knowledge

management system.

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