Summary/Analysis Assignment
Jessie 1
Kk-306Week5TextPPT.pptxExpository Writing
Week 5
Integrating Sources
Quotations are orphans (words that have been taken from their original contexts and that need to be integrated into their new textual surrounding).
Choose quotes based on how well they support a particular part of your text
Surround every quotation with a frame explaining whose words they are, what the quotation means, and how the quotation relates to your own text.
You need to integrate sources into your paper by clearly introducing them and integrating them into the context of your paragraph.
See p. 94
You can introduce/integrate quotes by using cue words and phrases.
In Shakespeare, The Comedies, the noted literary critic Keneth Muir claims, “…
Consumer activist Ralph Nader illustrates this point by stating, “…
You should also integrate any paraphrased material.
In his book Contemporary Animal Learning Theory, psychologist Tony Dickson points out that there are two ways animals might store information about their experiences.
Verbs that Help Integrate Quotations
Adds
Acknowledges
Asks
Claims
Contends
Disagrees
Endorses
Finds
Insists
Points out
Responds
Speculates
Suggests
Agrees
Admits
Asserts
Comments
Declares
Disputes
Grants
Holds
Maintains
Rejects
Reveals
Shows
Thinks
Argues
Advises
Believes
Compares
Defends
Hints
Illustrates
Notes
Relates
Says
Speculates
Warns
Concedes
Confirms
Concludes
Considers
Denies
Explains
Hopes
Implies
Observes
Reports
Sees
States
Writes
Verbs for Introducing Summaries and Quotations
Verbs for making a claim
Argue
Assert
Believe
Claim
Emphasize
Insist
Observe
Remind us
Report
Suggest
Declare
Verbs for expressing agreement
Acknowledge
Admire
Agree
Endorse
Extol
Praise
Celebrate the fact that
Corroborate
Do not deny
Reaffirm
Support
Verify
Verbs for questioning or disagreeing
Complain
Complicate
Contend
Contradict
Deny
Deplore the tendency to
Qualify
Question
Refute
Reject
Renounce
Repudiate
Verbs for making Recommendations
Advocate
Call for
Demand
Encourage
Exhort
Implore
Plead
Urge
Warn
Integrating Quotations
You can place a quotation that is a dependent clause virtually anywhere in your sentence.
Perhaps the hardest-hit subject has been social studies. In testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Education and Early Childhood Development, historian David McCullough observed that “because of No Child Left Behind, sadly, history is being put on the back burner or taken off the stove altogether in many or most schools, in favor of math or reading.” – End it Don’t Mend It (7)
Quotes within a quote
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Punctuating Introductory Statements
Introducing a Statement with a Colon
A colon usually follows an independent clause placed before the quotation.
As George Williams notes, protection of white privilege is critical to patterns of discrimination: “Whenever …”
Introducing a Statement with a Comma
A comma usually follows an introduction that incorporates the quotation in its sentence structure.
Similarly, Duncan asserts, “As matters now stand…”
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Introducing a Statement Using that
No punctuation is generally needed with that, and no capital letter is used to begin the quotation.
Noting this failure, Alice Miller asserts that “the reason for …”
See p. 96
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What is the proper punctuation for the following introductory phrases
In The Soviet Tragedy, Martin Malia explains that “the social oppressiveness of serfdom, created a systematic instability.”
Malia further notes that growth rates are not the only indicator of economic success “If people are the most precious capital of all, the six million to eleven million victims of collectivization represent an exorbitant waste of national resources.”
Malia explains “It is for this reason that in most Western writing Stalin was eventually excluded from the canon of true Soviet history.”
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Incorporating Quotes Contd.
Make sure that the grammar of your sentences fits the grammar of the quotation.
Plumb speaks in terms that remind one of the patronage system in modern U.S. cities when he describes how Walpole was able “to use the loyalty of people whose only qualification…”
Jameson was never comfortable with the decisions of the Tribunal, and he often “complain[ed]… that something had to be changed.”
Adapting Quotations
Quoting should duplicate the source exactly.
If the source has an error, copy it and add the notation sic in brackets immediately after the error to indicate that it is not your error but your source’s.
According to a recent newspaper article, “Plagirism [sic] is a problem among journalists and scholars as well as students.”
The following are acceptable ways to change quotations:
Using brackets for insertions or changes
Use brackets around an insertion or a change needed to make a quotation conform grammatically to your sentence, such as a change in the tense of a verb, in the capitalization of the first letter or the first word of a quotation, or in a pronoun.
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Underlining or italicizing for emphasis
You must add the words emphasis added (in regular type, not italicized or underlined) in brackets immediately after the words you want to emphasize.
According to Wilson (1995), “Character is not the enemy of self-expression and personal freedom, it is their necessary precondition [emphasis added]” (p.2).
Using ellipsis marks for omission
Ellipsis marks – three spaced periods (. . .) – signal that something has been left out of a quotation.
Grimaldi (1993) contends that for Aristotle rhetoric, like dialectic, had “no limited and unique subject matter upon which it must be exercised …. Instead, rhetoric as an art transcends all specific disciplines and may be brought into play in them” (p.6).
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Block Quotations
In APA style, use block form for quotations of forty words or more.
Indent the block quotation .5 inches
No quotation marks
In Chicago Style, use block form for quotations that run more than 5 lines.
The entire text should be in single-spacing and indented in its entirety .5 inches from the left margin.
No quotations marks.
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APA Documentation (In text citations)
Wilson (1983) argues that …
… the results were inconclusive (Wilson, 1983).
One researcher claimed to have found “absolutely no supporting evidence” (Wilson, 1985, p.13).
Wilson (1985) claimed to have found “absolutely no supporting evidence” (p.13).
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Source Within a Source
Chicago: Book by Costello cites an earlier article by Zukofsky
Note: Louis Zukofsky, “Sincincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931), 269 quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.
APA
- According to Ross, “…” (as cited in Spengler, 2009, p. 390).
- Ross argued that … (as cited in Spengler, 2009).
Expository Writing
Deciding Whether to Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize
As a general rule quote only in these situations:
When the wording of the source is particularly memorable or vivid or expresses a point so well that you cannot restate it without destroying the meaning,
when the words of reliable and respected authorities would lend support to your position,
when you wish to highlight your author’s opinions,
when you wish to cite an author whose opinions challenge or vary greatly from those of other experts, or
when you are going to discuss the source’s choice of words.
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Paraphrasing & Summarizing
Paraphrasing
In a paraphrase, the writer restates primarily in his or her own words all the relevant information from a passage, without any additional comments or elaborations.
Summarizing
In a summary, the writer boils down a long passage – several pages or even a whole chapter or book – to its main ideas.
Unlike a paraphrase, a summary conveys the gist of the source, using just enough information to record the points the summarizer chooses to emphasize.
If you include any of the author’s original expressions enclose them in quotation marks.
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Paraphrase passages whose details you wish to note completely but whose language is not particularly striking.
Summarize any long passages whose main points you wish to record selectively as background or general support for a point you are making.
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What a Good Paraphrase Must Do
A good paraphrase will accurately convey the content of the original passage without any significant distortion of meaning.
A good paraphrase will clearly acknowledge the source of the borrowed material and the nature of the borrowing.
A good paraphrase will almost entirely recast the language of the original source.
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Class Exercise
Paraphrase in your own words the following passage.
Then, in one sentence, summarize the main idea of the passage.
“DIVORCE IS NOW PART of everyday American life. It is embedded in our laws and institutions, our manners and mores, our movies and television shows, our novels and children’s storybooks, and our closest and most important relationships. Indeed, divorce has become so pervasive that many people naturally assume it has seeped into the social and cultural mainstream over a long period of time. Yet this is not the case. Divorce has become an American way of life only as the result of recent and revolutionary change.”
- Barbara Defoe Whitehead, The Divorce Culture, 1998 (p. 3)
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Paraphrase: In her book The Divorce Culture, Barbara Defoe Whitehead (1998) explains that divorce pervades almost every aspect of everyday American life. It is present in our relationships, our laws and institutions, our entertainment, and our morals. She explains that, although its pervasiveness appears to have seeped into our culture overtime, it is actually a modern phenomena that has resulted from “a recent and revolutionary change”
Summary: Barbara Defoe Whitehead (1998) maintains that the pervasiveness of divorce in American culture is “a recent and revolutionary” phenomena.
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Parallelism and Coordination
Coordination and Parallelism
A parallel sentence is one in which related actions, descriptions, or ideas are presented in the same form and belong to the same grammatical category.
When we have a series of two or more subjects, two or more verbs in similar form, two or more direct objects – two or more of any grammatical unit – we have coordination and parallelism
The following sentences are not parallel. Why not?
He liked swimming and to dive.
Tania is pleasant and has intelligence.
Working out is both stimulating and makes me exhausted
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Parallelism and Famous Quotes
Give me liberty or let me receive death.
“Give me liberty or give me death.” – Patrick Henry
To be or not to exist, that is the question.
“To be or not to be, that is the question.” – Shakespeare (Hamlet)
I see one-third of a nation ill-clothed, not well housed, and insufficiently nourished.
“I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished.” (FDR)
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Unbalanced Pairs and Series
Most errors in parallel structure can be detected by making sure that words or word groups joined by conjunctions match.(and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so)
Solutions to unbalanced sentences
First try to put the coordinate items in the same form, converting an adjective and a noun, say, to two adjectives or two nouns.
If paired items are hard to balance, uncouple the combination and subordinate one component to the others instead of making them all coordinated.
The proposed transmission line is ugly, unsafe, and an environmental danger.
The process is slow, prone to politics, and robs all concerned of direct responsibility.
Many Americans think that the media are attentive to insignificant details but that deeper issues are ignored
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Parallelism and Correlative Conjunctions:
Correlative conjunctions (both, and; not, but; not only, but also; either, or) should be followed by the same grammatical construction.
In pointing out the dangers of nicotine, the surgeon general is not only referring to smoking cigarettes but also chewing tobacco.
In pointing out the dangers of nicotine, the surgeon general is referring not only to smoking cigarettes but also to chewing tobacco.
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Parallelism and Balance
Foreign aid money that was given to Zimbabwe has reportedly been spent on increasing the salaries of government workers and to assist paying the military and police forces that help keep the people of Zimbabwe docile.
Cohabitating is a great way of getting to know your partner on a deeper level, really getting to see their flaws, and find out whether you are willing to adapt to them.
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Parallelism and Balance Contd.
The delegates spent the day arguing with one another rather than work together to find common solutions.
My sister's promotion means that she will be moving to another state and take the children with her.
A company is not only responsible to its shareholders but also customers and employees as well.
Consuming too much of a fat-soluble vitamin can be as harmful as not to consume enough.
Everything that could make a sound either was removed or taped down.
The new instructor was both enthusiastic and she was demanding.
Expository Writing
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Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
A modifier
Describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about other words in a sentence
Can be a word or a group of words (phrase)
When a modifier is placed beside a word that it does not modify, the modifier is misplaced.
My cat was diagnosed by the vet with fleas.
The vet gave a pill to my cat tasting like fish.
Putting Modifiers in Their Places
What is the modifier?
What word does it describe, clarify, or give more detail about?
Where should the modifier be placed?
Modifiers go next to the word or phrase they modify.
Misplaced Modifiers:
Since dealings with a custodian bank are usually in writing, whether local or out of town, the only difference is a lag of a few days.
The robber was described as a tall man with a black moustache weighing 150 pounds.
Sometimes the meaning of your sentence may be unclear because its parts are not in the proper place.
Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do: they modify nouns.
The teacher has a car. (Car is a noun.)
It’s a new car. (New is an adjective which modifies car.)
The car that she is driving is not hers.
(That she is driving is an adjective clause which modifies car. It’s a clause because it has a subject (she) and a predicate (is driving); it’s an adjective clause because it modifies a noun.)
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Misplaced Modifiers: Prepositional Phrases
Prepositions are words or short phrases that identify the spatial (in space), directional (the direction in which something is moving), or temporal (in time) relationship of one or more people or things to other people or things.
Prepositional phrases can modify many elements in a sentence and often cause confusion.
A woman passed by, leading a Springer spaniel in a long black dress.
The patient was referred to a psychologist with several emotional problems.
Two cars were reported stolen by the Farmingdale police yesterday.
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Misplaced Modifiers: Appositives
An appositive phrase restates, and thus clarifies or defines, the term next to it.
My brother's car, a sporty red convertible with bucket seats, is the envy of my friends.
By definition an appositive adjoins the noun or pronoun it applies to, but sometimes other words intervene, breaking the connection.
I knew a man with a wooden leg called George.
The feast was placed before the king, a steaming mountain of roasted meats.
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One Word Modifiers
One-word modifiers that limit another word (such as almost, even, exactly, hardly, just, merely, nearly, only, scarcely, and simply, often, also) can easily be misplaced.
Students who seek their instructors' advice often can improve their grades.
I also think he is lying about where he was that night.
To be clear, place the modifier immediately before the word or phrase you want to limit.
Which sentence indicates that everyone in the class failed the exam?
Almost everyone in the class passed the calculus exam.
Everyone in the class almost passed the calculus exam.
Lightweight and packable, this comfortable, flattering robe will delight Mom and prove indispensable for traveling.
Mom will find this lightweight, packable robe comfortable, flattering and indispensable for traveling.
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Dangling Modifiers
Dangling Modifiers are modifying phrases and clauses that do not clearly modify a word in the sentence; sometimes there isn’t even a word present for them to modify.
Often occur at the beginning or the end of a sentence.
Often indicated by an –ing verb or a to + verb phrase
Example #1: Fearing mudslides, new building regulations were passed.
Example #2: In order to swim to the channel, a boat must be with the swimmer at all times.
What is the modifier modifying?
Remember, modifiers go next to the words and phrases they modify.
Example #1: There’s no word in the sentence that can act as the subject of fearing mudslides – nobody is doing the fearing.
Better: Fearing mudslides, the building department passed new regulations.
Example #2: The infinitive phrase cannot logically have the subject boat because a boat cannot swim.
Revised: In order to swim the channel, a swimmer must be accompanied by a boat at all times.
- The subject swimmer can logically perform the action in the infinitive phrase.
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Participles are frequent danglers: A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed.
Present participles end in -ing.
Past participles end in -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n, as in the words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, and seen.
The crying baby had a wet diaper.
Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
The burning log fell off the fire.
Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.
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Participle Phrases
Participle phrases are often seen as reductions of independent or dependent clauses.
Jerome thought about his future.
Jerome entered the employment office
Thinking about his future, Jerome entered the employment office.
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A participle phrase at the beginning of a sentence must come from a clause that has the same subject as the subject of the base sentence.
If it comes from a clause with a different subject, you have a dangling participle.
Fixing unattached participles:
Either convert the participial phrase to a clause or;
make the subject of the sentence the word the participle logically modifies
Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step.
As he carried a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step.
Carrying a heavy pile of books, he caught his foot on a step.
A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb.
A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb.
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Putting it into Practice: Dangling Modifiers
After trying the combination several times, the lock finally opened.
Watching the documentary, the television went dead.
By finding an effective screening process, postpartum depression can be detected early on.
Unable to agree on where to put the city hall, the whole building project came to a halt.
After being bitten by seven dogs, the mailman decided to carry industrial strength tasers with him during his early morning deliveries.
Having laid an egg weighing two pounds, the farmer proudly displayed his favorite ostrich before the photographers.
Parallelism and Balance Practice
The hurricane not only destroyed the fishing fleet but also the homes of the fishermen.
Our report covers the details of the plan and how much it costs.
Burt will meet us at the restaurant or he will be at the taxi stand.
I would rather pay for my education than financial aid.
Summary Analysis
The purpose of this assignment is to give you the opportunity to put into practice the principles of reading comprehension and criticism discussed in class.
