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KINE4100Presentationchapter2.pptxWHAT IS A SKILL?
BY: Lesly Barragan & Isaac Minor
The Domains of Skill
-Do we use the word skill to mean the same thing, when describing someone who is skilled in baseball as someone who is a mathematician?
-Of course some of the meaning is the same, each person performs their respective skills at a high level of proficiency.
-Each person is good at what they do but each skill is totally different from one another.
- The baseball player expresses his skill physically, like swinging his bat to hit a homerun.
- The mathematician cognitively by solving a math equation.
The Domain of Skill
A mathematician is using their cognitive skills, in order to perform their best skill.
A baseball player will use their perceptual skills to execute a double-play.
SKILL DOMAIN
A skill is initially defined as belonging to one of the three domains.
A skill domain is the grouping of skills based upon underlying capacities most essential for accomplishing them.
Defining a skill begins with identifying whether it is cognitive, perceptual, or motor skill.
https://youtu.be/pgaGa-B_5po
COGNITIVE SKILLS
A cognitive skill is one in which knowing what to do or how to do it is the most important aspect in accomplishing the skill.
Of course perceptual and motor skills make up a part of cognitive skill but understanding and knowing are the most important capabilities for doing the skill well.
Example of cognitive skills; crossword puzzles, memorizing lists of names, diagnosing an athlete’s injuries, and computer programming.
Riddle me This???
PERCEPTUAL SKILLS
A perceptual skill is one in which the ability to discern, or to discriminate among, sensory stimuli is of primary importance in accomplishing the skill successfully.
The primary goal of the performer is not in possessing the movement capabilities necessary for acting, but in sensing when and how to act.
MOTOR SKILLS
Motor skills are not performed without perceptual and cognitive components. Both are needed in order to execute a motor skill function.
Example: A bowler may know that he has to (knock down the pins with the ball) but actually following through with the movement is a challenge itself.
Skills, Movements, and Abilities
The term movement, is frequently also used as a synonym for motor skill, as in “She has mastered the various movements required to be good at basketball.”
Ability is another term frequently used incorrectly to refer to motor skills. Abilities can be thought of as the building blocks of motor skills, because they underline the execution of movements.
Motor Equivalence
Humans are highly flexible in the ways they can move to meet environmental demands.
Flexibility of action is achieved by using different muscles and joints to achieve the same skill goal.
Examples:
-Catching a baseball with dominant hand or nondominant hand.
-Turning on a light switch using your elbow when your hands are filled with packages.
Motor Variability
Human action is unique, in the way that no two skills are ever accomplished in exactly the same way.
Even a highly skilled performer completing successive repetitions of the same skill.
Example: Tennis player hitting balls from a machine but every rep is altered by body positioning, kinematic patterns of limb movements, etc.
Motor Modifiability: The Final Step
Final characteristic of the motor skills is modifiability, which is the ability for the performer to modify an action once execution has begun.
Example:
Baseball player who begins to swing at a pitch but then lets up, stopping his swing when he sees the ball is out of the strike zone.
Summary: Characteristics listed above and common to all motor skills present challenging problems in the study of motor skills, are achieved with considerable ease.
The Serial-Order (Timing) Problem 50
-Consists of how the ordering and timing of the various sub elements that comprise motor skills are controlled.
For example: A typist whos finger perform on a keyboard without error, or a choreographer rhythmically linking individual movement into routine, a swimmer perfectly coordinating patterns of arm circles and leg kicks while racing through the water.
Skills rely on some sort of stimulus response mechanism so the sensory feedback from one response acts to initiate the following response in a sequence. This is called Linear Chaining
The Skill Acquisition Problem
What is the Skill Acquisition Problem?
An intellectual or research problem arising in attempting to explain how motor skills are learned. However, it is really expressed in a series of subproblems.
The following are the most commonly researched:
What are the underlying processes responsible for skill learning?
How skills are represented in the nervous system? Or are they?
Are some skills innate?, or are all skills acquired through experience or practice?
Do people pass through i identifiable stages when learning skills? If so, are they the same for everyone?
The Classification of motor skills
One Dimensional Classification system: the phenomenon of interest are classified on a continuum between two polar opposites.
The Classification of Motor Skills Based Upon the Stability of the Environment
The Environment refers to the context in which a person performs, as wells as the object/objects upon which the person acts.
Closed Motor Skill: A skill in which action occurs in stable and predictable environment. Closed Motor skills are sometimes referred to as Self-Paced Motor Skills. (Ex. Typing)
Open Motor Skills: A skill for which the object acted upon or the context in which action occurs varies from one performance to another. Often Referred to as reactive motor skills.
POP Quiz !!!
How would you classify bowling?
Closed or Open?
If you consider only the FIRST ball in each frame, it is considered closed because the environment remains constant from one attempt to the next.
What about the second ball at frame? Is it Closed or Open?
It depend on the bowler, A pro may knock down all the pins every time. A beginner may get a gutter ball every times.
For most bowlers, the SECOND ball at frame will present a somewhat different situation than the first ball. Some have the pins have been knocked down, therefore, changing the environment.
Although some second balls within frames of bowling may change, more remain predictable.
Although the pins may change, the motor skill itself is still self-paced, and the movement patterns do not really change.
Continuum ranges from Open to Closed.
Bowling is still Classified as a Closed Motor Skill.
The Classification of Motor Skills Based upon Temporal Predictability
Another way to classify motor skills in a One-Dimensional system is of the the basis of predictability of their beginning and ending points.
-Discrete Motor Skills: A motor skill in which the beginnings and ending points are clearly defined.
Ex. Batting, Tennis Serve, Flipping a Coin
-Continuous Motor Skill: A motor skill which the beginning and ending of action is arbitrary.
Ex Walking, Water Skiing, Brushing your teeth, running (Repetitive and rhythmic in nature )
Serial Motor Skills: Are Discrete skills that are linked together, often through a stimulus response connections and performed in a sequence, often so rapidly that they mimic a continuous skill.
https://youtu.be/-hELHdIGmpA?t=206
The Classification of Motor Skills Based Upon Movement Precision
The 3rd One-dimensional system classifying motor skills based on the precision of the movented required for completing the skill.
Fine motor skills: a threading needle that place primary emphasis on the precision of movement rather than on upon muscular effort
Gross Motor Skills: are those that require the use of relatively large muscle.
Can you Classify skills according to the One-Dimensional Classification System????
For each skill, Decide Whether it is a (1) Open or Closed Skill (2) Discrete, Serial, or Continuous Skill (3) Fine or Gross motor Skill?
-Assembling a puzzle ?
- Dribbling a yo-yo up and down?
- Texting
-Punting a football?
Gentile’s Multi-dimensional Taxonomy
Video #1 - play up to 3:50
